ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The expansion of a hexanucleotide GGGGCC repeat (G4C2) in the C9orf72 locus is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). In addition, C9orf72 expansion has also been detected in patients with a clinical manifestation of Parkinson's Disease (PD), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Huntington's Disease (HD), and ataxic disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 1,387 patients with clinically suspected ALS, HD or spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) were enrolled, and the prevalence of C9orf72 expansions was estimated. RESULTS: The hexanucleotide expansion accounted for 3.7% of the ALS patients, 0.2% of the HD suspected patients with excluded HTT mutation, and 1.3% of the suspected SBMA patients with excluded mutation in AR gene. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report revealing the presence of C9orf72 expansion in patients with a suspected SBMA diagnosis. Consequently, we advise testing for C9orf72 expansion in patients presenting with the SBMA phenotype and a genetically unsolved diagnosis.
Subject(s)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis , Bulbo-Spinal Atrophy, X-Linked , Frontotemporal Dementia , Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics , Bulbo-Spinal Atrophy, X-Linked/genetics , C9orf72 Protein/genetics , DNA Repeat Expansion/genetics , Frontotemporal Dementia/genetics , Humans , Proteins/geneticsABSTRACT
Hereditary ataxias (HA) are a rare group of heterogeneous disorders. Here, we present the results of molecular testing of a group of ataxia patients using a custom-designed next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel. Due to the genetic and clinical overlapping of hereditary ataxias and spastic paraplegias (HSP), the panel encompasses together HA and HSP genes. The NGS libraries, comprising coding sequences for 152 genes, were performed using KAPA HyperPlus and HyperCap Target Enrichment Kit, sequenced on the MiSeq instrument. The results were analyzed using the BaseSpace Variant Interpreter and Integrative Genomics Viewer. All pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants were confirmed using Sanger sequencing. A total of 29 patients with hereditary ataxias were enrolled in the NGS testing, and 16 patients had a confirmed molecular diagnosis with diagnostic accuracy rate of 55.2%. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations were identified in 10 different genes: POLG (PEOA1, n = 3; SCAE, n = 2), CACNA1A (EA2, n = 2), SACS (ARSACS, n = 2), SLC33A1 (SPG42, n = 2), STUB1 (SCA48, n = 1), SPTBN2 (SCA5, n = 1), TGM6 (SCA35, n = 1), SETX (AOA2, n = 1), ANO10 (SCAR10, n = 1), and SPAST (SPG4, n = 1). We demonstrated that an approach based on the targeted use of the NGS panel can be highly effective and a useful tool in the molecular diagnosis of ataxia patients. Furthermore, we highlight the fact that a sequencing panel targeting both ataxias and HSP genes increases the diagnostic success level.
Subject(s)
Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary , Spinocerebellar Degenerations , Ataxia/diagnosis , Ataxia/genetics , DNA Helicases/genetics , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods , Humans , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques , Multifunctional Enzymes/genetics , Muscle Spasticity , Mutation , RNA Helicases/genetics , Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary/genetics , Spastin/genetics , Spinocerebellar Ataxias/congenital , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/geneticsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Establishing the diagnosis of Huntington's disease (HD) involves molecular genetic testing and estimation of the number of CAG repeats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We report a 42-year-old patient with clinical phenotype suggestive of HD, who was repeatedly negative on genetic testing for HD at a reference laboratory. He had positive history of similar symptoms in his father, but not in other family members. During a 2-year follow-up his symptoms slowly deteriorated (videos attached). The family history was misleading, as we discovered that patient's father was adopted as infant. Having excluded HD-like disorders and other causes of the symptoms we hypothesized that the primer could not bind to the mutated allele. RESULTS: The PCR reaction with primers HD1 and Hu3 revealed homozygosity of the other adjacent microsatellite tract consisting of the CCG repeats. The newly designed set of primers, located outside of the CAG tract (HD6extF, HD7extR) was used and enabled amplification of the mutant allele and detection of the abnormal range of CAG repeats. CONCLUSIONS: As application of the novel primers led to the diagnosis of HD in other 5 patients previously tested negative, we propose their incorporation into routine genetic testing in patients suspected of HD displaying homoallelism in the standard protocol.
