A facet-based system for computer-assisted instruction in pain management for elderly patients.

DIANA2, a web-based interactive tutor for pain management (see www.talariainc.com), was more effective than conventional methods of learning (such as reading articles that contain the same type of information) in making the principles of pain management for the elderly more easily accessible to learners. DIANA2 was similarly effective for different types of health care providers (students, nurses, and residents), and the study participants were excited by their experience with a different mode of learning. DIANA is based on interactive facet-based learning principles that guide learners to reflect on their understanding of the situation and to modify and augment their understanding in response to real-time facet-specific feedback.

Facilitating and debilitating trait anxiety, situational anxiety, and coping with an anticipated stressor: a process analysis.

Participants completed anxiety and coping diaries during 10 periods that began 7 days before an academic stressor and continued through the evening after the stressor. Profile analysis was used to examine the anxiety and coping processes in relation to 2 trait anxiety grouping variables: debilitating and facilitating test anxiety (D-TA and F-TA). Anxiety and coping changed over time, and high and low levels of D-TA and F-TA were associated with different daily patterns of anxiety and coping. Participants with a debilitative, as opposed to facilitative, trait anxiety style had lower examination scores, higher anxiety, and less problem-solving coping. Covarying F-TA, high D-TA was associated with a pattern of higher levels of tension, worry, distraction, and avoidant coping, as well as lower levels of proactive coping. Covarying D-TA, high F-TA was associated with higher levels of tension (but not worry or distraction), support seeking, proactive and problem-solving coping.

NPY increases food intake in white-crowned sparrows: effect in short and long photoperiods.

To determine if altered sensitivity to neuropeptide Y (NPY) underlies premigratory fattening, white-crowned sparrows held on short day length (9:15-h light-dark) received injections into the third ventricle (ivt) of saline or several doses of NPY. An inverted-U function occurred with food intake increasing 30 and 60 min after doses of 1.0 and 2.0 micrograms NPY. When photostimulated (20:4-h light-dark), birds increased daily caloric intake and gained weight rapidly. Birds maintained on long day lengths significantly increased food intake after 0.25 and 0.5 micrograms of NPY and did not respond to higher doses. The effective dose range for NPY to increase food intake moved to the left, suggesting an increase in sensitivity to the peptide on long day lengths. In summary, white-crowned sparrows consume more food when administered NPY ivt and have increased sensitivity when photostimulated and gaining weight. Hence NPY may be a natural stimulator of food intake in this species.