Bioprospecting of seaweeds (Ulva lactuca and Stoechospermum marginatum): The compound characterization and functional applications in medicine-a comparative study.

Seaweeds are considered to be one of the richest bio-reserves, comprising of numerous bioactive compounds with versatile properties and multiple activities. The present study examined the antibacterial activity of two types of seaweeds, Ulva lactuca (green) and Stoechospermum marginatum (brown) collected from Oman Coastal region against five multidrug-resistant bacteria. The aqueous extracts of the seaweeds showed better antibacterial activity compared to methanol extracts. The results of the antibacterial assay revealed the excellent inhibitory effects of U.lactuca with the maximum activity against E.coli(8 mm) followed by K.pneumonia(4 mm) and S.typhi(2 mm). S.marginatum formed a clear zone of inhibition only against E.coli(3 mm).The major phytochemical constituents identified in both the types of seaweeds were Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Saponins, Flavonoids, and Steroids. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results confirmed the presence of alcoholic/phenolic groups, and amide groups in the seaweed extracts. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) results evidenced the presence of bioactive compounds such as 5-Octadecenal, 1-Tricosanol, Neophytadiene, Lactaropallidin, Phytol, Fenretinide, Lucenin, Vincadifformine in U.lactuca. Additionally, U.lactuca displayed better antioxidant activity (33.05%) in the DPPH free radical scavenging activity test compared to the S.marginatum (21.51%). Thus, the green seaweed U.lactuca could be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidant and antibacterial agents for food and pharmaceutical products.

Impact of molecular structure on the physicochemical properties of starches isolated from different field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars grown in Saskatchewan, Canada.

The objective of this study was to determine the molecular structure and properties of recently released cultivars of field peas [CDC Golden (CDCG), Abarth (ABAR), CDC Patrick (CDCP) and CDC Amarillo (CDCA)] grown at different locations in Saskatchewan, Canada. Starch yield (on whole seed basis), apparent amylose, total lipid and specific surface area were in the range 34-37%, 38.2-42.6%, 1.07-1.38% and 0.31-0.38m2/g, respectively. The proportion of short (DP 6-12) amylopectin chains, amylopectin branching density, molecular order, crystallinity, crystalline heterogeneity, gelatinization transition temperatures, pasting temperatures, peak viscosity, extent of acid hydrolysis, and resistant starch content were higher in CDCG and ABAR. However, amylopectin long chains (DP 13-26), average chain length and thermal stability were higher in CDCP and CDCA. The results of this study showed that differences in physicochemical properties among cultivars were mainly influenced by amylopectin chain length distribution, amylopectin branching density and co-crystallization of amylose with amylopectin.

An expedient sequential one-pot four component synthesis of novel steroidal spiro-pyrrolidine heterocycles in ionic liquid.

A facile one-pot synthesis of novel steroidal dispiro-indenoquinoxaline pyrrolidines via multicomponent-[3+2]-cycloaddition of azomethine ylides in ionic liquid is described. The structure of cycloadduct is confirmed by IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, high resolution mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis.

Perinatal inflammation/infection and its association with correction of metabolic acidosis in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the decreased response to hypothermia in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and infection, we sought to determine the association of fetal inflammation/infection with perinatal metabolic acidosis. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective cohort study of neonates with suspected HIE started on whole-body hypothermia within 6 h of birth that had a cord gas at delivery and placental pathology performed. Neonates were compared based on the presence of clinical and histologic chorioamnionitis. The cord gas at delivery was compared with the initial arterial gas after birth. RESULTS: In all, 50 out of 67 (74.6%) neonates admitted for therapeutic hypothermia met inclusion criteria. Chorioamnionitis did not affect the cord gas at delivery, but both clinical and histologic chorioamnionitis were associated with a significantly increased metabolic acidosis on the initial neonatal arterial gas. CONCLUSION: Chorioamnionitis, diagnosed both clinically and histologically, is associated with a persistent state of acidosis in neonates with HIE that may contribute to worse neurologic outcomes.

Crystal structure of methyl 3-(3-fluoro-phen-yl)-1-methyl-1,3a,4,9b-tetra-hydro-3H-thio-chromeno[4,3-c]isoxazole-3a-carboxyl-ate.

In the title compound, C19H18FNO3S, the five-membered oxazolidine ring adopts an envelope conformation with the methine C atom of the fused bond as the flap. Its mean plane is oriented at a dihedral angle of 50.38 (1)° with respect to the fluoro-phenyl ring. The six-membered thio-pyran ring has a half-chair conformation and its mean plane is almost coplanar with the fused benzene ring, making a dihedral angle of 4.94 (10)°. The two aromatic rings are inclined to one another by 85.96 (11)°, and the mean planes of the oxazolidine and thio-pyran rings are inclined to one another by 57.64 (12)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯π inter-actions, forming a three-dimensional structure.

Crystal structure of methyl 7-phenyl-6a,7,7a,8,9,10-hexa-hydro-6H,11aH-thio-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrrolizine-6a--carbox-ylate.

In the title compound, C22H23NO2S, the inner pyrrolidine ring (A) adopts an envelope conformation with the methine C atom opposite the fused C-N bond as the flap. The thio-pyran ring (C) has a half-chair conformation and its mean plane is inclined to the fused benzene ring by 1.74 (11)°, and by 60.52 (11)° to the mean plane of pyrrolidine ring A. In the outer pyrrolidine ring (B), the C atom opposite the fused C-N bond is disordered [site-occupancy ratio = 0.427 (13):0.573 (13)] and both rings have envelope conformations, with the disordered C atom as the flap. The planes of the phenyl ring and the benzene ring of the thio-chromane unit are inclined to one another by 65.52 (14)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by a pair of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds forming inversion dimers.

Crystal structures of methyl 3-(4-iso-propyl-phen-yl)-1-methyl-1,2,3,3a,4,9b-hexa-hydro-thio-chromeno[4,3-b]pyrrole-3a-carboxyl-ate, methyl 1-methyl-3-(o-tol-yl)-1,2,3,3a,4,9b-hexa-hydro-thio-chromeno[4,3-b]pyrrole-3a-carboxyl-ate and methyl 1-methyl-3-(o-tol-yl)-3,3a,4,9b-tetra-hydro-1H-thio-chromeno[4,3-c]isoxazole-3a-carboxyl-ate.

In the title compounds, C23H27NO2S, (I), and C21H23NO2S, (II), the pyrrole rings have envelope conformations with the C atom substituted by the benzene ring as the flap. In the third title compound, C20H21NO3S, (III), the isoxazole ring has a twisted conformation on the C-C bond substituted by the benzene ring and the carboxyl-ate group. In all three compounds, the thio-pyran ring has a half-chair conformation. The mean plane of the pyrrole ring is inclined to the mean plane of the thio-pyran ring by 57.07 (9), 58.98 (9) and 60.34 (12)° in (I), (II) and (III), respectively. The benzene rings are inclined to one another by 73.26 (10)° in (I), 65.781)° in (II) and 63.37 (13)° in (III). In the crystals of all three compounds, there are no classical hydrogen bonds present. Only in the crystal of compound (I) are mol-ecules linked by a pair of C-H⋯π inter-actions, forming inversion dimers. The isopropyl group in compound (I) is disordered over two sets of sites and has a refined occupancy ratio of 0.586 (13):0.414 (13).

Crystal structure of methyl (2Z)-3-(4-chloro-phen-yl)-2-[(3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl)meth-yl]prop-2-enoate.

In the title indole derivative, C20H18ClNO2, the chloro-phenyl ring is almost perpendicular to the indole moiety, making a dihedral angle of 87.6 (1)°. The mol-ecular packing is stabilized by C-H⋯π inter-actions, which form a C(9) chain motif along [10-1]. In addition, there are weak π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance 3.851 (1) Å] between the chains, involving inversion-related chloro-phenyl rings.

Crystal structure of 14-methyl-11-(3-methyl-phen-yl)-12-oxa-8,14-di-aza-tetra-cyclo-[8.3.3.0(1,10).0(2,7)]hexa-deca-2(7),3,5-triene-9,13-dione.

In the title compound, C21H20N2O3, the lactone ring adopts an envelope conformation with the quaternary C atom bonded to two other C atoms as the flap. The fused pyrrolidine ring adopts a twisted conformation about the Cq-N (q = quaternary) bond. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate R 2 (2)(8) loops. The dimers are linked into [110] chains by pairs of C-H⋯O inter-actions, which generate R 2 (2)(14) loops.

Crystal structure of 11-(2,3-di-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-14-methyl-12-oxa-8,14-di-aza-tetra-cyclo-[8.3.3.0(1,10).0(2,7)]hexa-deca-2(7),3,5-triene-9,13-dione.

The title compound, C22H22N2O5, contains two conformationally similar mol-ecules (A and B) in its the asymmetric unit (r.m.s. overlay fit for the 29 non-H atoms = 0.194 Å). In each mol-ecule, the lactone ring has an envelope conformation with the spiro C atom as the flap. In the crystal, A+A and B+B inversion dimers linked by pairs of N-H⋯O hydrgen bonds occur; in both cases, R 2 (2)(8) loops are generated. A weak C-H⋯O inter-action is also observed, which links the dimers into [010] chains.

Crystal structure of ethyl 1',1''-dimethyl-2'',3-dioxo-3H-di-spiro-[benzo[b]thio-phene-2,3'-pyrrolidine-2',3''-indoline]-4'-carboxyl-ate.

In the title compound, C23H22N2O4S, the pyrrolidine ring has an envelope conformation with the spiro C atom, shared with the indoline ring system, as the flap. The mean planes of the benzo-thio-phene and indoline ring systems are inclined to the mean plane of the pyrrolidine ring by 88.81 (8) and 79.48 (8)°, respectively, and to each other by 68.12 (5)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating along [001].

Crystal structure of ethyl 2'',3-dioxo-7',7a'-di-hydro-1'H,3H,3'H-di-spiro[benzo[b]thio-phene-2,6'-pyrrolo-[1,2-c]thia-zole-5',3''-indoline]-7'-carboxyl-ate.

In the title compound, C23H20N2O4S2, the central pyrrolidine ring adopts an envelope conformation with the spiro C atom, shared with the benzo-thio-phene ring system, as the flap. The thia-zole ring has a twisted conformation on the S-C bond, where the C atom is that closest to methine C atom. The mean planes of the benzo-thio-phene and indoline ring systems are inclined to the mean plane of the central pyrrolidine ring by 82.75 (8) and 80.03 (8)°, respectively, and to each other by 61.49 (6)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with an R 2 (2)(8) ring motif. The dimers are linked via C-H⋯O and C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional structure. The eth-oxy-carbonyl group is disordered over two orientations, with an occupancy ratio of 0.717 (12):0.283 (12).

Crystal structure of 15-(naphthalen-1-yl)-7,7a,8,9,10,11-hexa-hydro-6a,12a-(methano-epoxy-methano)-indolizino[2,3-c]quinoline-6,13(5H)-dione.

In the title compound, C27H24N2O3, the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the di-hydro-furan and 3,4-di-hydro-quinoline ring systems is 70.65 (9)°. The di-hydro-furan ring adopts an envelope conformation with the C atom adjacent to the methyl-ene C atom of the pyrrolidine ring as the flap. The five-membered pyrrolidine ring adopts a twist conformation on the N-C(tetra-substituted) bond. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with an R 2 (2)(8) ring motif. The dimers are linked via pairs of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming ribbons enclosing R 2 (2)(12) ring motifs lying in a plane parallel to (01-1).

Crystal structure of ethyl 1',5-dimethyl-2'',3-dioxo-3H-di-spiro-[benzo[b]thiophene-2,3'-pyrrolidine-2',3''-indoline]-4'-carboxyl-ate.

The title compound, C23H22N2O4S, crystallized with two independent mol-ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. They have very similar conformations with the pyrrolidine ring having a twisted conformation, on the Cspiro-Cspiro bond, in both mol-ecules. In mol-ecule A, the mean planes of the benzo-thio-phene and indoline ring systems are inclined to the mean plane of the pyrrolidine ring by 87.59 (10) and 84.51 (11)°, respectively, and to one another by 72.69 (7)°. The corresponding angles in mol-ecule B are 87.15 (10), 84.58 (10) and 72.07 (7)°, respectively. In the crystal, the A and B mol-ecules are linked to one another by two N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a dimer. These dimers are linked via C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional structure.

Crystal structure of ethyl 5''-fluoro-2'',3-dioxo-6',7',8',8a'-tetra-hydro-2'H,3H,5'H-di-spiro-[benzo[b]thio-phene-2,1'-indol-izine-3',3''-indoline]-2'-carboxyl-ate.

In the title compound, C25H23FN2O4S, the fused piperidine ring of the octa-hydro-indolizine ring system adopts a chair conformation and the five-membered ring has a twisted conformation on the N-C(spiro) bond. The mean planes of the benzo-thio-phene and indoline ring systems are inclined to the mean plane of the pyrrolidine ring by 83.1 (1) and 84.9 (1)°, respectively, and to each other by 29.37 (17)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with an R 2 (2)(8) ring motif. The dimers are linked via C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming slabs lying parallel to (100). The packing between the slabs features a short [2.734 (2) Å] F⋯F contact.

Crystal structure of ethyl (2S,2'R)-1'-benzyl-3-oxo-3H-di-spiro-[1-benzo-thio-phene-2,3'-pyrrolidine-2',11''-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxaline]-4'-carboxyl-ate.

In the title compound, C35H27N3O3S, the spiro-linked five-membered rings both adopt twisted conformations. The pyrrolidine ring makes dihedral angles of 80.5 (1) and 77.4 (9)° with the benzo-thio-phene ring system and the quinoxaline ring system, respectively. The S atom and C=O unit of the benzo-thio-phene ring system are disordered over two opposite orientations in a 0.768 (4):0.232 (4) ratio. The atoms of the ethyl side chain are disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.680 (16):0.320 (16) ratio. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O, C-H⋯N and π-π inter-actions [shortest centroid-centroid distance = 3.4145 (19) Å], resulting in a three-dimensional network.

Crystal structures of methyl 3-phenyl-4,5-di-hydro-1H,3H-benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazepine-4-carboxyl-ate and methyl 1-methyl-3-phenyl-4,5-di-hydro-1H,3H-benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazepine-4-carboxyl-ate.

The title compounds, C19H18N2O3, (I), and C20H20N2O3, (II), differ only by a methyl substituent on the seven-membered oxazepine ring in (II). In both compounds, these rings have a twist-chair conformation. The phenyl ring makes a dihedral angle of 73.42 (10)° with the benzimidazole ring system mean plane (r.m.s. deviation = 0.015 Å) in (I) and 83.07 (7)° in (II) (r.m.s. deviation = 0.026 Å). The methyl carboxyl-ate groups are planar to within 0.031 (2) in (I) and 0.003 (2) Šin (II). They are inclined to the phenyl and benzimidazole ring system by 33.78 (16) and 87.56 (14)°, respectively, in (I) and by 53.04 (12) and 60.22 (11)°, respectively, in (II). In the crystal of (I), mol-ecules stack in a herringbone fashion and are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [100]. In the crystal of (II), there are no significant inter-molecular inter-actions present.

Rapid assembly of heterocycle grafted macrocycles via tandem one-pot double 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction.

Synthesis of triazole linked macrocycles grafted with glycospiroheterocycle was accomplished by stereo- and regioselective tandem double 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1,3-DC) reaction. By this method we could construct complex chiral macrocycles in good yields from the easily available starting materials and we could achieve the synthesis of two heterocyclic rings involving simultaneous formation of five bonds in one-pot reaction. The structures of the macrocycles were confirmed by spectroscopic methods and single crystal XRD.

Crystal structures of ethyl (2S*,2'R*)-1'-methyl-2'',3-dioxo-2,3-di-hydro-dispiro-[1-benzo-thio-phene-2,3'-pyrrolidine-2',3''-indoline]-4'-carboxyl-ate and ethyl (2S*,2'R*)-5''-chloro-1'-methyl-2'',3-dioxo-2,3-di-hydro-dispiro-[1-benzo-thio-phene-2,3'-pyrrolidine-2',3''-indoline]-4'-carboxyl-ate.

In the title compounds, C22H20N2O4S, (I), and C22H19ClN2O4S, (II), the pyrrolidine rings have twist conformations on the spiro-spiro C-C bonds. In (I), the five-membered ring of the oxindole moiety has an envelope conformation with the spiro C atom as the flap, while in (II) this ring is flat (r.m.s. deviation = 0.042 Å). The mean planes of the pyrrolidine rings are inclined to the mean planes of the indole units [r.m.s deviations = 0.073 and 0.069 Šfor (I) and (II), respectively] and the benzo-thio-phene ring systems (r.m.s. deviations = 0.019 and 0.034 Šfor (I) and (II), respectively) by 79.57 (8) and 88.61 (7)° for (I), and by 81.99 (10) and 88.79 (10)° for (II). In both compounds, the eth-oxy-carbonyl group occupies an equatorial position with an extended conformation. The overall conformation of the two mol-ecules differs in the angle of inclination of the indole unit with respect to the benzo-thio-phene ring system, with a dihedral angle between the planes of 71.59 (5) in (I) and 82.27 (7)° in (II). In the crystal of (I), mol-ecules are linked via pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers enclosing R 2 (2)(14) loops. The dimers are linked via C-H⋯O and bifurcated C-H⋯O(O) hydrogen bonds, forming sheets lying parallel to (100). In the crystal of (II), mol-ecules are again linked via pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers but enclosing smaller R 2 (2)(8) loops. Here, the dimers are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming ribbons propagating along [010].

Methyl (2Z)-2-[(2-formyl-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl)meth-yl]-3-(4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)prop-2-enoate.

In the title indole derivative, C22H21NO4, the dihedral angle between the benzene and pyrrole rings of indole moiety is 1.8 (1)°. The plane of the 4-meth-oxy-phenyl ring is oriented with a dihedral angle of 60.7 (1)° with respect to the plane of the indole moiety. The mol-ecular packing is stabilized by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds which form a V-shaped chain arrangement along the bc plane of the unit cell. In addition to this, C-H⋯π and π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distances = 3.8102 (11) and 3.8803(12) Å], which run along the b-axis direction, stabilize the mol-ecular packing.