Passive fungal spore release from fruit and vegetable solid waste.

Food substrates in municipal solid wastes processing facilities and open dumpsites are a source for the release of fungal spores into air and can cause potential health and climate effects. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory scale flux chamber to measure the fungal growth and spore release from representative exposed cut fruit and vegetable substrates. The aerosolised spores were measured using an optical particle sizer. The results were compared to experiments conducted previously with a test species (Penicillium chrysogenum) on a synthetic media (czapek yeast extract agar). Significantly higher surface spore densities were observed for the fungi on the food substrates as compared to that on the synthetic media. The spore flux was high initially and then decreased on continued exposure to air. The spore emission flux normalised to the surface spore densities indicated that the emission from the food substrates was lower than the emissions from the synthetic media. A mathematical model was applied to the experimental data and the observed flux trends were explained in terms of the model parameters. A simple application of the data and the model to release from a municipal solid waste dumpsite was shown.

Magnetic resonance imaging of enhanced mobility of light non aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) during drying of water wet porous media.

Visualization of NAPLs in multiphase systems in porous media is important for determining contaminant transport in the environment. In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to confirm the recent observations of mobilisation of a light non aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) trapped in wet sand under natural drying conditions of the wet porous medium. Visualization of LNAPL (motor oil) and water mobility during the drying of wet glass beads (0.5 mm) in a cylindrical glass column (15 mm ID, 45 mm long) was obtained using spin echo-based NMR microimaging performed at 500 MHz, corresponding to a field of ca. 11.75 T. Sagittal and axial images of LNAPL and water in the porous medium were obtained at a spatial resolution of 59 µm/pixel at different time intervals. A rise of 15-20 mm was observed in the presence of evaporation of water as compared to a 2-3 mm rise in the absence of evaporation in a time span of about 1400 min. The spatio-temporal MRI scans of the water and LNAPL in the glass column reveals that LNAPL rise occurs when the water evaporation front reaches the LNAPL layer. This implied that the enhanced LNAPL rise was strongly linked to the process of water evaporation. A linear correlation of the MRI signal intensities of LNAPL and water with reference to different saturation levels of LNAPL and water in the porous media was obtained. This calibration information was used to quantify the saturation levels of the LNAPL and water during the drying process. These findings show the application of non-invasive techniques such as MRI in quantifying and understanding the mechanism of fate and transport of LNAPLs in porous media, towards effective environmental quality assessment.

Enhanced mobility of non aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) during drying of wet sand.

Enhanced upward mobility of a non aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) present in wet sand during natural drying, and in the absence of any external pressure gradients, is reported for the first time. This mobility was significantly higher than that expected from capillary rise. Experiments were performed in a glass column with a small layer of NAPL-saturated sand trapped between two layers of water-saturated sand. Drying of the wet sand was induced by flow of air across the top surface of the wet sand. The upward movement of the NAPL, in the direction of water transport, commenced when the drying effect reached the location of the NAPL and continued as long as there was significant water evaporation in the vicinity of NAPL, indicating a clear correlation between the NAPL rise and water evaporation. The magnitude and the rate of NAPL rise was measured at different water evaporation rates, different initial locations of the NAPL, different grain size of the sand and the type of NAPL (on the basis of different NAPL-glass contact angle, viscosity and density). A positive correlation was observed between average rate of NAPL rise and the water evaporation while a negative correlation was obtained between the average NAPL rise rate and the NAPL properties of contact angle, viscosity and density. There was no significant correlation of average NAPL rise rate with variation of sand grain size between 0.1 to 0.5mm. Based on these observations and on previous studies reported in the literature, two possible mechanisms are hypothesized -a) the effect of the spreading coefficient resulting in the wetting of NAPL on the water films created and b) a moving water film due to evaporation that "drags" the NAPL upwards. The NAPL rise reported in this paper has implications in fate and transport of chemicals in NAPL contaminated porous media such as soils and exposed dredged sediment material, which are subjected to varying water saturation levels due to drying and rewetting.