ABSTRACT
The pentacyclic triterpenes represent a significant class of plant bioactives with a variety of structures and a wide array of biological activities. These are biosynthetically produced via the mevalonate pathway although occasionally mixed pathways may also occur to introduce structural divergence. Oleanolic acid is one of the most explored bioactive from this class of compounds and possesses a broad spectrum of pharmacological and biological activities including liver protection, anti-cancer, atherosclerosis, anti-inflammation, antibacterial, anti-HIV, anti-oxidative, anti-diabetic etc. This review provides an overview of the latest research findings, highlighting the versatile medicinal and biological potential of oleanolic and its future prospects.
ABSTRACT
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women with significant morbidity and mortality. Present study describes design, synthesis and detailed pharmacology of indole derivatives exhibiting remarkable broad spectrum antiproliferative activity against breast cancer cells. Detailed mechanistic evaluations confirmed induction of G0/G1 arrest, apoptosis induction, loss of mitochondrial integrity, enhanced ROS generation, autophagy, estrogen receptor ß-transactivation and increased tubulin polymerization. In in-vivo efficacy studies in rodent model, these indole derivatives induced significant regression in mice mammary tumour on 21 days daily oral dose. Moreover, compounds 19 and 23 were safe in Swiss albino mice in safety studies. These diarylindoles may further be optimized for better efficacy.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Drug Design , Indoles/pharmacology , Tubulin Modulators/pharmacology , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Female , Humans , Indoles/chemical synthesis , Indoles/chemistry , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Molecular Structure , Polymerization/drug effects , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tubulin/metabolism , Tubulin Modulators/chemical synthesis , Tubulin Modulators/chemistryABSTRACT
A novel and highly efficient I2/K2CO3 mediated regioselective sulfonylation of thiophenols, aryl acetylenic acid and aromatic alkynes with N-hydroxy sulfonamide has been developed. N-hydroxy sulfonamide has been used for the first time for the synthesis of these sulfones. The scope and versatility of the reaction has been demonstrated by the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of different analogs of sulfones with various structural features.
ABSTRACT
A series of thymol based substituted pyrazolines and chalcones was synthesized and evaluated for antimalarial activity, using in-vitro and in-vivo malaria models. All the target compounds (5a-k and 6a-j) were found to be active against human malaria parasite strain Plasmodium falciparum NF54. Among all, compounds 5e and 5f of chalcone series and 6c and 6f of pyrazoline series exhibited prominent antimalarial activity with IC50 less than 3 and 2⯵M respectively, while other pyrazolines also significantly inhibited the P. falciparum with IC50 less than 10⯵M. The designed pharmacophores were found to be effective against P. falciparum. Compound 6f was found to be able to retard malaria progression in mice. This was evident through decreased parasitemia, increased mean survival time and hemoglobin content in the treated animals. Moreover, 6f was observed as an inhibitor of heme polymerization pathway of the malaria parasite. It also inhibited free heme degradation, which could be possibly responsible for higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) in parasite, thus inhibiting the rapid proliferation of the parasite. In addition to this, compound 6f was found to be non-toxic with a good selectivity index. Based on these observations, the compound 6f could be taken up for further antimalarial lead optimization studies.
Subject(s)
Antimalarials/pharmacology , Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Thymol/pharmacology , Animals , Antimalarials/chemical synthesis , Antimalarials/chemistry , Cell Survival/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Macrophages/drug effects , Mice , Molecular Structure , Parasitic Sensitivity Tests , Plasmodium falciparum/growth & development , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thymol/chemistryABSTRACT
Different alkyl amide (15a-l) and alkyl amine (16a-e) derivatives of 7,8-dimethoxy-3-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzopyran-4-one were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity against five different cancer cell lines using SRB assay. Compounds 15e, 15i, 15j and 16a-e showed significant anticancer activity within the range of IC50 2.58-34.86µM. The most promising molecule, 16c, was further analyzed for its effect on cell cycle and apoptosis of estrogen receptor positive cancer cells (MCF-7 cells) which showed that 16c triggered apoptosis in MCF-7 cells and arrested cells population at sub-G0 (apoptotic) and G2M phase. In tubulin polymerization assay, 16c interfered with kinetics of tubulin polymerization.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Benzopyrans/chemical synthesis , Benzopyrans/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2), an estrogen hormone metabolite is a potential cancer chemotherapeutic agent. Presently, it is an investigational drug under various phases of clinical trials alone or in combination therapy. Its anticancer activity has been attributed to its antitubulin, antiangiogenic, pro-apoptotic and ROS induction properties. This anticancer drug candidate has been explored extensively in last twenty years for its detailed chemistry and pharmacology. Present review is an update of its chemistry and biological activity. It also extends an assessment of potential of 2ME2 and its analogues as possible anticancer drug in future.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Estradiol/analogs & derivatives , 2-Methoxyestradiol , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Drugs, Investigational/chemistry , Drugs, Investigational/pharmacology , Estradiol/chemistry , Estradiol/pharmacology , Humans , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A practical and novel approach has been developed for the synthesis of vinyl sulfides by the reaction of sulfonyl hydrazides with aryl/heteroarylacetylenes using a DBU-based ionic liquid. The system offers a new sulfur source for hydrothiolation and is endowed with green credentials.
ABSTRACT
An efficient use of NiCl(2)·6H(2)O, for the cross-coupling of arylboronic acids with various N-nucleophiles, has been demonstrated. The method is practical and offers an alternative to the corresponding Cu-mediated Chan-Lam process for the construction of the C-N bond.
