Associations of ECG Signs of Ischemic and Non-Specific Signs of Metabolic Changes in the Myocardium With Unfavorable Cardiovascular Prognosis in a 7-Year Prospective Follow-Up of Young People Under 45 Years.

AIM: To study ischemic and/or nonspecific ECG signs of metabolic changes in the myocardium and to determine their relationship with unfavorable cardiovascular prognosis in a 7-year prospective observation of young people under 45 years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional population survey of a random sample aged 25-44 years (n=1363) was conducted in Novosibirsk. The survey program used the standardized epidemiological Rose questionnaire. Biochemical tests were used to measure blood concentrations of total cholesterol (C), triglycerides (TG), low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, HDL-C), and fasting blood plasma glucose. Systolic and diastolic BP (SBP, DBP), the presence of arterial hypertension (AH), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and smoking status were assessed. ECG was recorded at rest in 12 standard leads followed by interpretation according to the Minnesota Code. The presence of ischemic and/or nonspecific ECG signs of metabolic changes in the myocardium was determined. Subjects with ECG signs of ischemic changes in the myocardium were selected for long-term follow-up and additional examination by cardiologists. Then the whole cohort was monitored for 7 years, and cardiovascular events were recorded, including using data from the WHO Myocardial Infarction Registry in Novosibirsk. For statistical analysis of the results, cardiovascular events were combined into a composite endpoint. RESULTS: During 7 years, 40 people (27 men and 13 women) had an unfavorable cardiovascular prognosis. Multivariate regression analysis showed that a 7-year unfavorable cardiovascular prognosis in people younger than 45 years was associated with signs of ischemic myocardial alterations identified on the background ECG (OR 5.319, 95% CI: 1.543-18.342, p=0.008) and nonspecific ECG signs of metabolic changes in the myocardium (OR 2.978, 95% CI: 1.216-7.216, p=0.017) regardless of age, gender, the presence of arterial hypertension (AH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). CONCLUSION: In young people under 45 years of age, not only ECG signs of ischemic changes in the myocardium, but also nonspecific ECG signs of metabolic changes in the myocardium are associated with an unfavorable cardiovascular prognosis, directly and independently on age and gender, in a long-term, 7-year period.

Metabolic Blood Hormones in Young People With Electrocardiographic Signs of Ischemic Myocardial Changes.

Aim    To study changes in blood concentrations of metabolic hormones and adipocytokines in people aged 25-44 years with electrocardiographic (ECG) signs of ischemic changes in the myocardium.Material and methods This study was a part of a cross-sectional survey of a random sample of Novosibirsk population aged 25-44 years. The study included 1363 people divided into two groups: group 1, subjects with ECG signs of ischemic changes in the myocardium and group 2, subjects without ECG changes. Blood serum concentrations of adipocytokines and metabolic hormones were measured by multiplex assay on a Luminex MAGPIX flow-through fluorometer.Results    The group with ECG signs of myocardial ischemia had higher blood concentrations of adiponectin, resistin, glucagon, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) than in the comparison group. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the glucagon concentration was associated with the presence of ECG signs of myocardial ischemia (OR, 1.019; CI, 1.018-1.034; p=0.017).Conclusion    In young people aged 25-44 years, higher blood concentrations of glucagon are associated with the presence of ECG signs of myocardial ischemia.

Associations of Fatty Acid Profile with Abdominal Obesity in Men.

The content of individual unsaturated fatty acids in blood plasma (measured by HPLC) and their association with abdominal obesity in a group of men (mean age 52.2 years) was analyzed. The abdominal obesity was diagnosed according to the criteria of the All-Russian Scientific Society of Cardiology (waist circumference >94 cm). Men with abdominal obesity had higher levels of ω-6 γ-linolenic and dihomo-γ-linolenic acids, as well as ω-3 eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. They also had significantly elevated plasma levels of triglycerides and glucose and lower levels of HDL. Using single-factor ROC analysis we determined optimal cut-off thresholds for fatty acid levels indicating the presence of abdominal obesity. The results of regression analysis showed that the level of γ-linolenic acid is directly associated with the chance of abdominal obesity.s.

Cytokine Profile and Concentrations of Metabolic Hormones in the Blood of Overweight Men with Coronary Arteriosclerosis.

Plasma concentrations of cytokines and metabolic hormones and their association with vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques were studied in 36 overweight men (age 40-77 years; BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2) with coronary atherosclerosis who underwent coronary endarterectomy. According to histological analysis, the patients were divided into two groups: with stable (17 (47.2%) men) and vulnerable (19 (52.8%) men) plaques in the coronary arteries. The plasma levels of cytokines and metabolic hormones were measured by multiplex analysis: C-peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon, IL-6, insulin, leptin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and TNFα. In overweight patients with vulnerable plaques, the level of glucagon was lower by 4.17 times, GIP - by 2.47 times, and insulin - by 2.1 times. At the same time, the risk of occurrence of a vulnerable plaque increases by 5.4% with a decrease in GIP concentration by 1 pg/ml irrespectively of age, as well as by 3.1% with an increase in insulin concentration by 10 pg/ml, without achieving statistical significance when included in the age model. Overweight men with coronary atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaques have lower levels of insulin, glucagon, and GIP. The levels of GIP and insulin are inversely associated with the risk of having vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque.

Adipokines and adipocytokines in men with coronary atherosclerosis and overweight.

Aim    To study concentrations of adipokines and their associations with proinflammatory cytokines in overweight men with coronary atherosclerosis. Material and methods    This study included 79 men aged 45-60 years with atherosclerosis who had undergone coronary endarterectomy during a coronary bypass surgery, and were overweight (body weight index (BWI), 25.0-29.9 kg /m2). Based on a histological analysis of plaques, the patients were divided into two subgroups: 43 men with stable atherosclerotic plaques and 36 men with unstable plaques in coronary arteries. The control group consisted of 40 age- and BWI-matched men without clinical manifestations of IHD. Blood concentrations of adipokines, including adiponectin, adipsin, lipocalin-2, resistin, and plasminogen 1 activator inhibitor were measured by a multiplex analysis with a MILLIPLEX MAP Human Adipokine Panel 1. Concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF- α), interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Results    The blood concentration of lipocalin -2 was higher in patients with coronary atherosclerosis and stable or unstable atherosclerotic plaques than in the control group (p<0.01). Both subgroups of men with coronary atherosclerosis were characterized by significant differences from the control group in concentrations of TNF-α (p<0.05), CRP, and IL-6 (p<0.01). The most significant direct correlations were found between adipokines and TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP (p<0.01). Results of a logistic regression analysis showed that relative odds for the presence of significant coronary stenoses increased with increasing blood concentrations of lipocalin-2 (OR=1.005, 95 % CI: 1.002-1.008, р=0.011) and IL-6 (OR=1.582 , 95 % CI: 1.241-2.017, р=0.001).Conclusion    The changes in blood concentrations of adipokines associated with higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines may represent a factor that increases the probability of clinically significant coronary stenosis in overweight men with coronary atherosclerosis.

Associations of adipokines and metabolic hormones with low-density lipoprotein hypercholesterolemia in men and women under 45 years of age.

Aim    To study the adipokine profile in young people with hypercholesterolemia and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and to evaluate the relationship between concentrations of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and metabolic hormones in men and women younger than 45 years. Material and methods    This study included 304 subjects (group 1, 56 men with LDL-C concentration <2.1 mmol/l; group 2, 87 men with LDL-C concentration ≥4.2 mmol/l; group 3, 90 women with LDL-C concentration <2.1 mmol/l; and group 4, 71 women with LDL-C concentration ≥4.2 mmol/l). Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (C), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein C, and glucose were measured by an enzymatic assay with ThermoFisher Scientific kits and a KonelabPrime 30i biochemical analyzer. LDL-C was calculated using the Friedewald's formula. Concentrations of amylin, C-peptide, ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucagon, interleukin 6, insulin, leptin, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin, adipsin, lipocalin-2, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and resistin were measured by multiplex analysis (Human Metabolic Hormone V3 and Human Adipokine Panel 1 panels).Results    The groups differed in traditional cardiometabolic risk factors. In the male and female patient groups with LDL-C ≥4.2 mmol/l, the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose, incidence of insulin resistance, TG, and TC were higher than in subjects with LDL-C <2.1 mmol/l. The odds for the presence of LDL hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C ≥4.2 mmol/l) were significantly associated with increased concentrations of C-peptide and lipocalin-2 in men and with increased concentrations of lipocalin-2 and decreased concentrations of GLP-1 in women (р<0.05).Conclusion    Increased concentrations of LDL-C in young people were associated with changes in the adipokine profile and with the presence of metabolic syndrome components. These results were confirmed by changes in blood concentrations of metabolic markers that characterize disorders of metabolic processes.

Blood Adipokins in Young People with Early Ischemic Heart Disease on the Background of Abdominal Obesity.

Aim      To study blood adipokines spectrum in people aged 25-44 years with early ischemic heart disease (IHD), including that associated with abdominal obesity (AO).Material and methods  A cross-sectional study was performed on a random sample of the population aged 25-44 years in Novosibirsk. 1457 subjects (653 men, 804 women) were evaluated. This study included 123 people divided into four study subgroups: subgroup 1, with IHD associated with AO (n=24); subgroup 2, with IHD and without AO (n=25); subgroup 3, without IHD and with AO (n=44); and subgroup 4, without either IHD or AO (n=30). Concentrations of serum adipokines were measured simultaneously by multiplex assay with a Luminex MAGPIX flow fluorometer and by immune enzyme assay with a MULTISCAN analyzer.Results Subjects with early IHD had lower blood concentrations of adipsin and visfatin than subjects without IHD. Subjects with early IHD associated with AO had higher blood concentrations of adipsin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and leptin and lower concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and visfatin compared to subjects with early IHD and without AO. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that lower blood concentrations of MCP-1 were associated with a likelihood of early IHD.Conclusion      In young people aged 25-44 years, lower blood concentrations of MCP-1 were associated with a likelihood of early IHD, including that associated with AO.

[The Study of Biochemical Factors of Calcification of Stable and Unstable Plaques in the Coronary Arteries of Man].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to study biochemical factors of calcification in stable and unstable plaques of coronary arteries and in the blood of patients with severe coronary atherosclerosis, to find associations of biochemical factors of calcification with the development of unstable atherosclerotic plaque. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 25 men aged 60,4±6,8 years who received coronary bypass surgery. In the course of the operation intraoperative indications in men were from coronary endarteriectomy (s) artery (a - d) and histological and biochemical analyses of the samples of the intima / media. Out of 85 fragments of intima / media of coronary arteries, 15 fragments of unchanged intima / media, 39 fragments of stable atheromatous plaque and 31 fragments of unstable plaque were determined. In homogenates of samples of intima / media (after measurement of protein by the method of Lowry) and in blood by ELISA were determined by biochemical factors of calcification: osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin, an osteopontin, osteonectin, as well as inflammatory factors (cytokines, chemokines). RESULTS: A significant direct correlation (Spearman coefficient =0.607, p<0.01) between the stages of atherosclerotic focus development to unstable plaque and the degree of calcification of atherosclerotic focus development samples was found. There was an increased content of osteocalcin in stable and unstable plaques by 3.3 times in comparison with the unchanged tissue of intima / media of coronary arteries, as well as in samples with small and dust-like, with coarse-grained calcifications in comparison with samples without calcifications by 2.8 and 2.1 times, respectively. According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, the relative risk of unstable atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary artery is associated with a reduced content of osteocalcin (OR=0.988, 95 % CI 0.978-0.999, p=0.028). Also, the relative risk of calcifications in the atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary artery is associated with an increased content of osteocalcin (OR=1,008, 95 % CI 1,001-1,015, p=0,035). In men with severe coronary atherosclerosis, a significant inverse correlation was found (Spearman coefficient -0.386, p=0.022) between the content of osteoprotegerin in the vascular wall and in the blood.

Association of some hemostasis and endothelial dysfunction factors with probability of presence of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques in patients with coronary atherosclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: The study was dedicated to investigation of some hemostasis and endothelial dysfunction factors association with probability of presence of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries in men with atherosclerosis. RESULTS: The blood levels of factor VII, factor XII and MCP-1 were higher, and concentration of sVCAM-1 lower in men with vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries, compared to men who had stable plaques. Have been revealed correlation links between the blood levels of factor II, factor XII, MCP-1 and the presence of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries. Results of logistic regression analysis showed that the relative risk of present of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries is associated with an elevated blood level of factor XII and MCP-1.

Relationships of arterial hypertension and reduced renal function in a population 25-45 years.

AIM: To study relationships of reduced renal function with hypertension and other cardiometabolic risk factors in persons aged 25-45 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional population study of one of the typical district of Novosibirsk (Russia) was performed during 2013-2016 years. The study included 468 men and 606 women aged 25-45 years. Blood pressure (BP), waist circumference (WC), blood lipids, glucose, creatinine were measured. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated with the formula CKD-EPI. Hypertension was registered if blood pressure (BP) was ≥140/90 mm Hg, reduced kidney function - at GFR<90 ml/min/1.73 cm2. RESULTS: Prevalence of hypertension among men was 28%, among women - 9%. The proportion of people with GFR<90 ml/min/1.73 cm2 among men was 9.8%, among women - 34%. Among all examined people GFRs <60 ml/min/1.73 cm2 was revealed in 0.3% only. The association of hypertension with reduced renal function was determined only in men. Based on results of multivariate linear regression analysis, a significant negative association of GFR with age was determined, there was no association of GFR with systolic BP (SBP) in either men or women. In men, inverse relationships of GFR with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-С), triglycerides (TG), direct - with WC were determined. Significant inverse association of GFR with diastolic BP (DBP) was revealed only after exception of TG from the regression model. In women, GFR's inverse relationship with LDL-С and DBP was observed, and the direct - with WC. In stepwise analysis the validity of all associations was confirmed after exception of the association of GFR with WC in men. CONCLUSION: In a population of 25-45 years a reduced GFR was associated with increased DBP; levels of LDL-С, TG showed negative association with GFR; in men increased TG levels were more important in reducing GFR than elevated DBP.

[Central Aortic Pressure: Reference and Diagnostic Values].

OBJECTIVE: Practical application of central aortic pressure (CAP) parameters is limited by the absence of generally recognized reference and threshold diagnostic indices. The purpose of this work is to establish their values in the general population of Novosibirsk. Materials and Methods. A total of 327 people were examined: 155 men and 172 women aged 25-44 years from a representative sample from the general population of Novosibirsk. Applanation tonometry of the radial artery was performed by the SphygmoCor system. The reference values of CAP parameters were obtained by a nonparametric method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations (95 % percentile interval with 2.5 % and 97.5 % cut-off points and their 90 % confidence intervals). Diagnostic thresholds and categories of CAP were determined as mean values depending on the categories of brachial arterial pressure (BP) and on the basis of risk estimates, as well as sensitivity and specificity values for left ventricular hypertrophy similar to risk and sensitivity and specificity values of threshold levels (categories) of brachial BP. RESULTS: The reference values of the parameters of the CAP were: 18-43 mm Hg for pulse pressure; 5-24 mm Hg for the amplification of pulse pressure; - 8.8-40 % for the augmentation index. Diagnostic categories of CAP were determined to be: optimal - less than 110 / 80, normal - 110 / 80-114 / 84, high normal - 115 / 85-124 / 89, hypertension - more than 125 / 90 mm Hg. CONCLUSION: The reference values, diagnostic thresholds and categories of parameters of CAP in the general population of Novosibirsk aged 25-44 years have been determined. It is expedient to further study them.

[Blood lipids and angina pectoris (by epidemiological cardiological Rose questionnaire) in the population of 25-45 years of Novosibirsk].

The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of angina pectoris (AP) according to the standardized epidemiological questionnaire of Rose in the population of 25-45 years of Novosibirsk and to identify its association with some lipid and non-lipid risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of the population aged 25-45 in Novosibirsk was carried out. The study included 1439 people (656 men and 783 women). Within the framework of the complex survey program, the standardized epidemiological questionnaire of Rose (WHO, 1984) was used. Blood levels of total cholesterol (total C), triglycerides (TG), low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, HDL-C) were determinate by biochemical methods. RESULTS: For all lipid indicators, significant differences were found between men and women. The levels of total C, TG and LDL-C were significantly higher, and the level of HDL-C was lower in men, than in women. According to the Rose questionnaire, out of 1439 people included in the study, 12 patients (0.8%) had AP (75% women). In persons with AP, blood levels of TG were 1.8 times higher, and the levels of HDL-C in blood was 1.2 times lower compared to persons without AP. Univariate analysis of associations of AP with CHD risk factors showed that the chance of developing angina pectoris in the population of 25-45 years was significantly increased in individuals with high blood TG levels (OR 3,515, DI 1,106-11,168, p = 0.039) and low HDL-C (OR 1,203, DI 1,054-1,372, p = 0.006). A natural, although statistically not significant (OR 3,165, p=0,055, due to the small number of groups with AP) increasing in the chance of developing AP in hypertension was detected. CONCLUSION: In the young population of 25-45 years in Novosibirsk, elevated blood levels of TG, reduced levels of HDL-C, and hypertension were associated with AP, according to Rosecardiological questionnaire, which underlines the importance of conducting screening surveys of the young population to improve effective prevention and treatment of diseases.

Blood Pressure Levels and Prevalence of Arterial Hypertension in the Population of Residents of the Central Region of Siberia Aged 25­45 Years.

PURPOSE: to study blood pressure levels and the prevalence of hypertension in persons aged 25-45 years in Novosibirsk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional population study in one of typical areas of Novosibirsk was performed in 2013-2016. The study included 479 men and 612 women aged 25-45 years. Arterial hypertension was defined as blood pressure (BP) ≥140 / 90 mmHg according to Russian recommendations (2004). For analysis two age groups were distinguished: 25-34 years and 35-45 years. RESULTS: Mean values of systolic and diastolic BP were significantly lower in women than in men in age groups. In men and women, the analyzed indicators were significantly higher in the older than in the younger age group. Mean values of pulse pressure in men were significantly higher than in women in both age groups, there were no differences in the analyzed index between age groups in either men or women. Optimal BP was more often recorded among women than among men in both age groups. The proportion of persons with normal BP among men was grate than among women in both age groups. In the age group 35-45 years compared with the younger group, in men there was a decrease in incidence of category with BP<140 / 90 mmHg, an increase of the proportion of persons with hypertension grades 1 and 2, the appearance of persons with grade 3 hypertension; in women - an increase of the proportion of individuals with normal, high-normal BP, and with grade 1 hypertension, appearance of individuals with grades 2 and 3 hypertension. Frequency of BP categories ≥140 / 90 mmHg in age group 25-34 years among men was 17.6 %, among women 3.1 % (p<0.0001); in age group 35-45 years among men - 34.7 %, among women - 12.5 % (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of hypertension in men was 28 %, in women - 9 %. Favorable tendencies of BP indicators in both sexes were revealed over a 30-year period, while gender differences did not change.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Correlations with Parameters of Oxidative/Antioxidant Potential of the Blood and Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 in Coronary Atherosclerosis.

We studied serum content of some polyunsaturated fatty acids and their correlations with parameters of oxidative stress (FORT), antioxidant protection (FORD), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (LP-PLA2), and serum level of LPO products in male patients with coronary atherosclerosis. The mass fraction of polyunsaturated fatty acids and FORD were lower, while LP-PLA2, FORT, and concentration of LPO products were higher than in the control group (conventionally healthy men). Negative correlations of medium strength of polyunsaturated fatty acids with inflammation markers and oxidative stress were revealed, which can indicate that the decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids content is associated with enhanced generation of free radicals, and consequently with increased risk of early atherosclerosis development.

Polymorphism of the GLIS3 gene in a Caucasian population and among individuals with carbohydrate metabolism disorders in Russia.

OBJECTIVE: Earlier, GLIS3 gene polymorphisms have been shown to be associated with the development of maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY). We screened GLIS3 gene sequences among patients with MODY to identify probably pathogenic variants by whole-exome sequencing. We estimated frequency of rare single-nucleotide variants in the coding region of GLIS3 in a Caucasian population and among individuals with carbohydrate metabolism disorders in Russia. RESULTS: We identified 15 single-nucleotide variants in GLIS3. Three rare variants (minor allele frequency < 1%) rs806052, rs143051164, and rs149840771 were genotyped in 126 cases of MODY, in 188 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), and 564 randomly selected Caucasian individuals in Russia. A heterozygous rs806052 variant was identified in one patient with DM2; c.1270T frequency was 0.003. Prevalence of rs143051164 c.844G was 0.003 in the control population and 0.004 and 0.003 in MODY and DM2 samples, respectively. Prevalence of rs149840771 c.2096A was 0.003 and 0.004 in the control population and among MODY patients, respectively. In DM2 patients, rs149840771 c.2096A was not identified. We did not detect any associations of rs806052, rs143051164, and rs149840771 with carbohydrate metabolism disorders among patients with MODY and DM2 in Russia.

[Associations between metabolic syndrome and reduced lung function in young people]. / Assotsiatsii metabolicheskogo sindroma i snizhennoi funktsii legkikh u lits molodogo vozrasta.

AIM: To reveal possible associations between metabolic syndrome (MS) and reduced lung function. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In 2013-016, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 908 Novosibirsk dwellers, which included spirometry to evaluate external respiratory function (ERF). For the detection of MS, the investigators used the 2009 All-Russian Research Society of Cardiologists criteria: waist circumference (WC) > 80 cm for women and >94 cm for men in combination with two of the following criteria: blood pressure (BP) ≥130/85 mm Hg, triglycerides (TG) ≥1.7 mmol/l, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol <1.0 mmol/l for men and <1.2 mmol/l for women, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol >3.0 mmol/l, and glucose ≥6.1 mmol/l. RESULTS: The mean values of WC were significantly greater with a forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) <80% than those with a FEV1 of ≥80% in both men (p=0.002) and women (p=0.050); in women, the mean values of WS were higher than those with a FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) <70% than those with a FEV1/FVC of ≥70% (p=0.047); the mean systolic and diastolic BP levels were significantly more with reductions in FEV1 and FVC, and the level of HDL cholesterol was significantly lower than that with a FEV1 of < 80% in men only. Significant correlations were found between FEV1 and all components of MS in men, between the majority of components of MS and FVC in men, between WC, BP, and FEV1/FVC in men and women, between plasma glucose levels and FEV1/FVC in women. Linear regression analysis revealed significant inverse correlations of FEV1 with TG, glucose, BP; those of FVC with TG, glucose; at the same time a positive association with HDL cholesterol in men, and only a negative correlation of FEV1/FVC with WC. CONCLUSION: The revealed associations between MS and reduced lung function can most likely be explained by the greater prevalence of both MS and its components (hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, LDL hypercholesterolemia) among Novosibirsk men. This is consistent with the assertion that the decline in ERF, particularly FEV1, may be a marker of future cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality.

[Blood Levels of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) in Men from Different Population Groups and Its Relation to Unfavorable Long-Term Prognosis].

AIM: of the study was to investigate blood levels of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in men from different population subgroups, their associations with cardiovascular risk factors and with unfavorable 7-years long-term prognosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included three subgroups of men from a population sample of residents of Novosibirsk, 44-73 years old, not receiving lipid-lowering drugs: subgroup of population proper (183 men), subgroup with hypercholesterolemia (46 men), and subgroup with hypocholesterolemia (18 men). Blood level of PCSK9 was determined by ELISA using the test-systems "Human Proprotein Convertase 9/PCSK9 Immunoassay". Study endpoints (myocardial infarction, cardiovascular death) were registered during 7 years after baseline examination of subgroups using the data of the Registers of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality. RESULTS: Distribution of PCSK9 protein in subgroups with hyper- and hypocholesterolemia was normal. In the subgroup of population proper it was abnormal with leftward shift. PCSK9 protein concentration in the subgroup with hypercholesterolemia was 1.2 times higher than in the population subgroup. PCSK9 protein level correlated significantly with blood levels of total cholesterol (CH), low density lipoprotein (LDL) CH, and glucose. Only 15% of PCSK9 variability was due to the influence of other factors (R Square=0.155, p<0.001). Factors with significant influence on blood level of PCSK9 protein were levels of high density lipoprotein CH (=0.238, p=0.023), triglycerides (=0.253, p=0.049) and LDL CH (=0.751, p=0.009). Multivariate regression analysis revealed significant independent association of PCSK9 protein levels with cardiovascular death during period of registration (7-years) (p=0.048, OR=1.01). This result indicates that in men increase of blood level of PCSK9 protein by 1ng/ml independently of other parameters increases relative risk of cardiovascular death during following 7 years by 1%.

Association of Level of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 with Intima-Media Thickness in Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia.

We studied association of PCSK9 protein with the carotid artery intima-media thickness in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (N=53; age 49.9±6.9 years) treated with statins. Blood level of PCSK9 protein was measured by ELISA; ultrasonography of the carotid arteries with measurement of the thickness of the intima-media complex of the common carotid arteries in the distal segment for 10 mm from the bifurcation on the far wall of the vessel was performed in on-line mode. The mean values were calculated for both sides, the maximum mean value was included in the analysis. It was shown that PCSK9 levels positively correlate with carotid artery intima-media thickness in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.

Associations of Osteocalcin, Osteoprotegerin, and Calcitonin with Inflammation Biomarkers in Atherosclerotic Plaques of Coronary Arteries.

We studied associations of osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, and calcitonin with markers of inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries and assessed the influence of these biomolecules on calcification of atherosclerotic plaques. The initial stage of calcification of atherosclerotic plaques is characterized by activation of inflammatory processes, which is seen from increased levels of proinflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, IL 8, TNF-α, and IL-1ß). Progressive calcification of atherosclerotic plaques is accompanied by insignificant accumulation of calcitonin and osteoprotegerin. The exception is osteocalcin, its concentration significantly increased during calcification. The results suggest that severe vascular calcification can be regarded as non-specific marker of atherosclerosis. Instability of atherosclerotic plaques is associated with higher level of calcification.

[Prevalence of external respiratory dysfunction in young people]. / Rasprostranennost' narushenii funktsii vneshnego dykhaniya u molodykh lits.

AIM: To investigate the prevalence of impaired external respiration function (ERF) in young Novosibirsk dwellers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based survey in one of the typical districts of Novosibirsk was conducted at the Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine in 2013-2015. ERF was examined by spirometry in accordance with the guidelines. The best indicators of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC ratio were selected and three reproducible attempts were made to evaluate ERF. Spirometry was carried out in 787 respondents (358 males and 429 females) for the entire period. The results were interpreted according to the guidelines of the European Respiratory Society, the American Thoracic Society, and the Russian Respiratory Society. RESULTS: The prevalence of a FEV1/FVC of <70% in the total sample was 10.3% (13.4% for men and 7.7% for women; p=0.009); a FEV1 of <80% was 13.9% (14.5% for men and 13.3% for women; p=0.617); a FVC of <80% was 7% (6.1% for men and 7.7% for women; p=0.397). The obstructive type of ventilation disorders (FEV1/FVC <70%, FVC ≥80%) was recorded in 9.4% of the people, the restrictive type (FVC <80%, FEV1/FVC ≥70%) in 6.1%, and the mixed one (FEV1/FVC <70%, FVC <80%) in 0.9%; normal values (FEV1/FVC ≥70% and FVC ≥80%) were seen in 83.6%. CONCLUSION: Spirometric screening of a young Novosibirsk population demonstrated the incidence of impaired ERF, which is comparable with Russian and foreign data.