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1.
Int J Mol Sci ; 22(3)2021 Jan 28.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33525678

ABSTRACT

Autophagy is a process essential for cellular energy consumption, survival, and defense mechanisms. The role of autophagy in several types of human cancers has been explicitly explained; however, the underlying molecular mechanism of autophagy in glioblastoma remains ambiguous. Autophagy is thought to be a "double-edged sword", and its effect on tumorigenesis varies with cell type. On the other hand, autophagy may play a significant role in the resistance mechanisms against various therapies. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms deriving the autophagy-mediated therapeutic resistance and designing improved treatment strategies for glioblastoma. In this review, we discuss autophagy mechanisms, specifically its pro-survival and growth-suppressing mechanisms in glioblastomas. In addition, we try to shed some light on the autophagy-mediated activation of the cellular mechanisms supporting radioresistance and chemoresistance in glioblastoma. This review also highlights autophagy's involvement in glioma stem cell behavior, underlining its role as a potential molecular target for therapeutic interventions.


Subject(s)
Autophagy-Related Proteins/metabolism , Brain Neoplasms/metabolism , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , Glioblastoma/metabolism , Radiation Tolerance , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Autophagy , Brain Neoplasms/drug therapy , Brain Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/radiation effects , Glioblastoma/drug therapy , Glioblastoma/radiotherapy , Humans , Signal Transduction
2.
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces ; 117: 473-9, 2014 May 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24368207

ABSTRACT

This study presents a novel approach to synthesize glycogenic gold nanoparticles (glycogenic GNps) capped with glycated products (Schiff's base, Heyns products, fructosylamine etc.). These glycogenic GNps have been found to be active against human osteosarcoma cell line (Saos-2) with an IC50 of 0.187 mM, while the normal human embryonic lung cell line (L-132) remained unaffected up to 1mM concentration. The size of glycogenic GNps can also be controlled by varying the time of incubation of gold solution. Glycation reactions involving a combination of fructose and HSA (Human Serum Albumin) were found to be effective in the reduction of gold to glycogenic GNps whereas glucose in combination with HSA did not result in the reduction of gold. The progress of the reaction was followed using UV-visible spectroscopy and NBT (Nitroblue tetrazolium) assay. The glycogenic GNps were found to be spherical in shape with an average size of 24.3 nm, in a stable emulsion. These GNps were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, zeta potential analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).


Subject(s)
Gold/pharmacology , Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Osteosarcoma/pathology , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cell Shape/drug effects , Cell Survival/drug effects , Fructose/metabolism , Glucose/metabolism , Glycosylation/drug effects , Humans , Indoles/metabolism , Metal Nanoparticles/ultrastructure , Osteosarcoma/drug therapy , Serum Albumin/metabolism , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet , Static Electricity
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