Functional evidence for two distinct mechanisms of action of progesterone and selective progesterone receptor modulator on uterine leiomyomas.

OBJECTIVE: To study the specific mechanisms through which progesterone and selective progesterone receptor modulators impact the growth, synthesis, and accumulation of the extracellular matrix in uterine leiomyomas. DESIGN: Laboratory study. SETTING: Academic Research Institutions. PATIENTS (S): This study involved reproductive-age women diagnosed with infertility associated uterine leiomyomas who underwent myomectomy either after selective progesterone receptor modulator ulipristal acetate (UA) treatment or without any pharmacological pretreatment. Control samples included healthy myometrium tissue (n = 100). Specimens were obtained from the Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology and Biobank, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland. INTERVENTIONS: Daily (5 mg/d) UA treated for 2 months (n = 100) and untreated (n = 150) patients with uterine leiomyomas or normal healthy myometrium (n = 100) tissue samples immediately after surgery were collected for transcriptional analysis and assessments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Progesterone-induced activation of the signaling pathways related to uterine leiomyomas extracellular matrix synthesis, deposition, and growth, as well as the expression profile of progesterone receptors in uterine leiomyomas, were assessed. RESULTS: The results indicated that progesterone activated the transforming growth factor-ß and SMAD3 signaling pathways and promoted proliferation, growth, and extracellular matrix remodeling in uterine leiomyomas by up-regulating SMAD3, transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) receptor type 1 and II, Ras homolog A, vascular endothelial growth factor, or increasing the fibrosis-related gene collagen, type I, ɑ-1, and procollagen, type I, ɑ-1 production. In contrast, UA had inhibitory effects on these processes. The study also showed that both nuclear and membrane progesterone receptors play distinct roles in uterine leiomyoma pathobiology. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that both nuclear and membrane progesterone receptors were relevant in the treatment of uterine leiomyomas, especially when combined with selective progesterone receptor modulators. Novel therapeutic approaches combining selective progesterone receptor modulators with or without direct and indirect extracellular matrix targeting through selected specifically TGF-ß and SMAD3 (SMAD3, TGF-ß receptor types 1 and II, Ras homolog A, vascular endothelial growth factor, collagen, type I, ɑ-1) signaling pathways could therefore be a treatment option for uterine leiomyomas.

Progesterone signaling in uterine leiomyoma biology: Implications for potential targeted therapy.

Uterine leiomyomas (ULs) are the most common benign smooth muscle cell steroid-dependent tumors that occur in women of reproductive age. Progesterone (P4) is a major hormone that promotes the ULs development and growth. P4 action in ULs is mediated mainly by its nuclear progesterone receptors (PGRs), although rapid non-genomic responses have also been observed. Data on the membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) regulated signaling pathways in ULs in the available literature is still very limited. One of the essential characteristics of ULs is the excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM). P4 has been shown to stimulate ECM production and collagen synthesis in ULs. Recent research demonstrated that, despite their benign nature, ULs may present with abnormal vasculature. P4 has been shown to regulate angiogenesis in ULs through the upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and by controlling the secretion of permeability factors. This review summarizes the key findings regarding the role of PGRs and mPRs in ULs, especially highlighting the potential ECM and angiogenesis modulation by P4. An increased understanding of this mechanistic role of nuclear and specifically mPRs in the biology of P4-modulated ECM and angiogenesis in the growth of ULs could turn out to be fundamental for developing effective targeted therapies for ULs.

New Insights on the Progesterone (P4) and PGRMC1/NENF Complex Interactions in Colorectal Cancer Progression.

The literature data regarding the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the context of hormone therapy (HT), including both estrogen-progestogen combinations and estrogen alone, are inconclusive. The precise relationship underlying the action of progesterone (P4) and progesterone receptors in CRC has yet to be determined. We characterized the expression profiles of both nuclear and membrane progesterone receptors and their potential cofactors in CRC tissues. Additionally, we analyzed the P4 and NENF treatment effects on the cell proliferation and invasion of DLD-1 and HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. We observed a weak expression of the nuclear P4 receptor (PGR), but an abundant expression of the P4 receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) and neuron-derived neurotrophic factor (NENF) in the CRC tissues. P4 treatment stimulated the proliferation of the DLD-1 and HT-29 CRC cells. The co-treatment of P4 and NENF significantly increased the invasiveness of the DLD-1 and HT-29 cells. A functional analysis revealed that these effects were dependent on PGRMC1. AN immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated a cytoplasmic co-localization of PGRMC1 and NENF in the CRC cells. Moreover, the concentration of serum NENF was significantly higher in CRC patients, and P4 treatment significantly increased the release of NENF in the DLD-1 cells. P4 or NENF treatment also significantly increased the IL-8 release in the DLD-1 cells. Our data may provide novel insights into the action of P4 and PGRMC1/NENF in CRC progression, where NENF may act as a potential PGRMC1 co-activator in non-classical P4 signaling. Furthermore, NENF, as a secreted protein, potentially could serve as a promising circulating biomarker candidate for distinguishing between colorectal cancer patients and healthy individuals, although large-scale extensive studies are needed to establish this.

A novel polypeptide CAPG-171aa encoded by circCAPG plays a critical role in triple-negative breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has always been challenging due to its heterogeneity and the absence of well-defined molecular targets. The present study aims to elucidate the role of protein-coding circRNAs in the etiology and carcinogenesis of TNBC. METHODS: CircRNA expression data in TNBC (GEO: GSE113230, GSE101123) were reanalyzed and then circCAPG was selected for further study. To identify the polypeptide-coding function of circCAPG, a series of experiments, such as Mass spectrometry and dual-luciferase reporter assays were conducted. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis parameters were determined to investigate the cancerous functions CAPG-171aa plays in both TNBC organoids and nude mice. Mechanistically, the relation between CAPG-171aa and STK38 in TNBC was verified by immunoprecipitation analyses and mass spectrometry. The interactions between SLU7 and its binding site on circCAPG were validated by RIP-qPCR experiments. RESULTS: In both TNBC clinical samples and cell lines, the expression level of circCAPG was identified to be higher compared with normal ones and positively correlated with the overall survival (n = 132) in a 10-year follow-up study, in which the area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic was 0.8723 with 100% specificity and 80% sensitivity. In addition, we found that circCAPG knockdown (KD) significantly inhibited the growth of TNBC organoids. Intriguingly, circCAPG can be translated into a polypeptide named CAPG-171aa which promotes tumor growh by disrupting the binding of serine/threonine kinase 38 (STK38) to SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (SMURF1) and thereby preventing MEKK2 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, we found that SLU7 Homolog- Splicing Factor (SLU7) can regulate the bio-generation of circCAPG through binding to the flanking Alu sequences of circRNA transcripts. CONCLUSIONS: circCAPG significantly enhances the proliferation and metastasis of TNBC cells by encoding a novel polypeptide CAPG-171aa and afterwards activates MEKK2-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway. Additionally, the formation of circCAPG is found to be mediated by SLU7. The present study provides innovative insight into the role of protein-coding circRNAs CAPG-171aa in TNBC, and its capacity to serve as a promising prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target in TNBC.

A novel polypeptide encoded by the circular RNA ZKSCAN1 suppresses HCC via degradation of mTOR.

BACKGROUND: hsa_circ_0001727 (circZKSCAN1) has been reported to be a tumor-associated circRNA by sponging microRNAs. Intriguingly, we found that circZKSCAN1 encoded a secretory peptide (circZKSaa) in the liver. The present study aims to elucidate the potential role and molecular mechanism of circZKSaa in the regulation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. METHODS: The circRNA profiling datasets (RNA-seq data GSE143233 and GSE140202) were reanalyzed and circZKSCAN1 was selected for further study. Mass spectrometry, polysome fractionation assay, dual-luciferase reporter, and a series of experiments showed that circZKSCAN1 encodes circZKSaa. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis in nude mice were examined to investigate the functions of circZKSaa. Mechanistically, the relationship between the circZKSaa and mTOR in HCC was verified by immunoprecipitation analyses, mass spectrometry, and immunofluorescence staining analyses. RESULTS: Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated that the secretory peptide circZKSaa encoded by circZKSCAN1 might be the potential biomarker for HCC tissues. Through a series of experiments, we found that circZKSaa inhibited HCC progression and sensitize HCC cells to sorafenib. Mechanistically, we found that the sponge function of circZKSCAN1 to microRNA is weak in HCC, while overexpression of circZKSaa promoted the interaction of FBXW7 with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to promote the ubiquitination of mTOR, thereby inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, we found that the high expression of cicZKSCAN1 in sorafenib-treated HCC cells was regulated by QKI-5. CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal that a novel circZKSCAN1-encoded peptide acts as a tumor suppressor on PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and sensitizes HCC cells to sorafenib via ubiquitination of mTOR. These findings demonstrated that circZKSaa has the potential to serve as a therapeutic target and biomarker for HCC treatment.

The molecular mechanism of miR-96-5p in the pathogenesis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), characterized by the androgen excess and arrest of antral follicles, is a common endocrine disorder among women lacking specific diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Herein, we studied the molecular mechanism of miR-96-5p in the process of PCOS and its potential applications in PCOS. Clinically, we found that miR-96-5p significantly decreased in serum, follicular fluid and primary human granulosa cells (hGCs) of PCOS patients (n = 70) vs non-PCOS women (n = 60), as well as in the ovaries of 3-types of induced PCOS-like mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the elevated circulating miR-96-5p levels were significantly correlated with the PCOS disordered endocrine clinical features, and the area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic was 0.8344, with 75.71% specificity and 80% sensitivity. Mechanically, we identified miR-96-5p as an androgen-regulated miRNA that directly targets the forkhead transcription factor FOXO1. Inhibition of miR-96-5p decreased estrogen synthesis, while decreasing the cell proliferation index of KGN via regulating the expression of FOXO1 and its downstream genes. Inversely, inhibition of FOXO1 abrogated the effect of miR-96-5p on estrogen synthesis and proliferation index. Of note, ovarian intra-bursal injection of miR-96-5p agomir rescued the phenotypes of dehydroepiandrosterone-induced PCOS like mice. In conclusion, our results clarified a vital role of miR-96-5p in the pathogenesis of PCOS and might serve as a novel diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for PCOS.

Role and mechanism of miR-335-5p in the pathogenesis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder of unknown etiology that occurs in women of reproductive age. Despite being considered to affect up to one-fifth of women in this cohort, the condition lacks generally accepted diagnostic biomarkers and options for targeted therapy. Hereby, we analyzed the diagnostic, therapeutic, and functional potential of a recently discovered miR-335-5p that was observed to be reduced in the follicular fluid (FF) of PCOS patients as compared with healthy women. We found miR-335-5p to be significantly decreased in the serum and FF samples of PCOS patients (n = 40) vs healthy women (n = 30), as well as in primary human granulosa cells (hGCs), and in 3 different hormonally induced PCOS-like murine models vs. wild-type (WT) mice. The level of circulating miR-335-5p was found to significantly correlate with the impaired endocrine and clinical features associated with PCOS in human patients. Ovarian intrabursal injection of the miR-335-5p antagomir in WT mice ovaries induced a PCOS-like reproductive phenotype. Treatment with the miR-335-5p agomir rescued the dihydrotestosterone-induced PCOS-phenotype in mice, thereby providing a functional link between miR-335-5p and PCOS. We identified SP1 as a miR-335-5p target gene by using the dual-luciferase reporter assay. Both the luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that SP1 bound to the promoter region of human CYP19A1 and inhibited its transcription. miR-335-5p increased the production of estradiol via the SP1/CYP19A1 axis in hGCs, thereby suggesting its mechanistic pathway of action. In conclusion, these results provide evidence that miR-335-5p may function as a mediator in the etiopathogenesis of PCOS, as well as has the potential as both a novel diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for PCOS.

Antibiotics in the Community During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study to Understand Users' Perspectives of Antibiotic Seeking and Consumption Behaviors in Bangladesh.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic is thought to have led to increased "inappropriate" or "unjustified" seeking and consumption of antibiotics by individuals in the community. However, little reference has been made to antibiotic seeking and using behaviors from the perspectives of users in Bangladesh during this health crisis. PURPOSE: This study seeks to document how antibiotic medicines are sought and used during a complex health crisis, and, within different contexts, what are the nuanced reasons why patients may utilize these medicines sub-optimally. METHODS: We used an exploratory, qualitative design. Forty semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with people diagnosed with COVID-19 (n=20), who had symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 (n=20), and who had received care at home in two cities between May and June 2021 in Bangladesh. In this study, an inductive thematic analysis was performed. RESULTS: The analysis highlighted the interlinked relationships of antibiotic seeking and consumption behaviors with the diversity of information disseminated during a health crisis. Antibiotic-seeking behaviors are related to previous experience of use, perceived severity of illness, perceived vulnerability, risk of infection, management of an "unknown" illness and anxiety, distrust of expert advice, and intrinsic agency on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Suboptimal adherence, such as modifying treatment regimes and using medication prescribed for others, were found to be part of care strategies used when proven therapeutics were unavailable to treat COVID-19. Early cessation of therapy was found to be a rational practice to avoid side effects and unknown risks. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, we highly recommend the take up of a pandemic specific antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) program in the community. To deliver better outcomes of AMS, incorporating users' perspectives could be a critical strategy. Therefore, a co-produced AMS intervention that is appropriate for a specific cultural context is an essential requirement to reduce the overuse of antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

Congenital Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism Alters Adrenal Gene Expression, Development, and Function.

Background: The human adrenal cortex undergoes several rapid remodeling steps during its lifetime. In rodents, similar remodeling occurs postnatally in the "X-zone" layer through unknown mechanisms. Furthermore, little is known regarding the impact of thyroid hormone (TH) on adrenal glands in humans. Methods: To investigate the impact of TH on adrenal pathophysiology, we created two genetic murine models mimicking human nonautoimmune hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Moreover, we analyzed serum thyrotropin (TSH) and steroid hormone concentrations in patients diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism and premature adrenarche (PA). Results: We found that TH receptor beta-mediated hypertrophy of the X-zone significantly elevated the adrenal weights of hyperthyroid women. In the hypothyroid model, the X-zone was poorly developed in both sexes. Moreover, large reciprocal changes in the expression levels of genes that regulate adrenal cortical function were observed with both models. Unexpectedly, up- and downregulation of several genes involved in catecholamine synthesis were detected in the adrenal glands of the hypothyroid and hyperthyroid models, respectively. Furthermore, TSH and adrenal steroid concentrations correlated positively in pediatric patients with congenital hypothyroidism and PA. Conclusions: Our results revealed that congenital hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism functionally affect adrenal gland development and related steroidogenic activity, as well as the adrenal medulla.

Novel expression of zona pellucida 3 protein in normal testis; potential functional implications.

The expression of the zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 (ZP3), originally thought to be specific for oocytes, was recently extended to ovarian, prostate, colorectal and lung cancers. Earlier successful ZP3 immunization of a transgenic mouse model carrying a ZP3 positive ovarian tumor emphasized the suitability of ZP3 for cancer immunotherapy. This study was carried out to determine whether any other normal tissues besides the ovary in healthy human and mouse tissues may express ZP3, considered important to exclude off-target effects of ZP3 cancer immunotherapy. Strong ZP3 expression was found in normal human and mouse testis. ZP3 protein and mRNA transcripts were localized in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and round and elongated spermatids of both human and mouse testis, as well as in a mouse spermatogonial cell line, but absent in testicular Sertoli, Leydig, spermatogonial stem and progenitor cells. All other normal human and mouse tissues were ZP3 negative. This surprising testicular ZP3 expression has implications for the development of ZP3 cancer immunotherapies, and it also alludes to the potential of using ZP3 as a target for the development of a male immunocontraceptive.

Macrophage deletion of Noc4l triggers endosomal TLR4/TRIF signal and leads to insulin resistance.

In obesity, macrophages drive a low-grade systemic inflammation (LSI) and insulin resistance (IR). The ribosome biosynthesis protein NOC4 (NOC4) mediates 40 S ribosomal subunits synthesis in yeast. Hereby, we reported an unexpected location and function of NOC4L, which was preferentially expressed in human and mouse macrophages. NOC4L was decreased in both obese human and mice. The macrophage-specific deletion of Noc4l in mice displayed IR and LSI. Conversely, Noc4l overexpression by lentivirus treatment and transgenic mouse model improved glucose metabolism in mice. Importantly, we found that Noc4l can interact with TLR4 to inhibit its endocytosis and block the TRIF pathway, thereafter ameliorated LSI and IR in mice.

Follicle-stimulating hormone promotes growth of human prostate cancer cell line-derived tumor xenografts.

Chemical castration in prostate cancer can be achieved with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists or antagonists. Their effects differ by the initial flare of gonadotropin and testosterone secretion with agonists and the immediate pituitary-testicular suppression by antagonists. While both suppress luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) initially, a rebound in FSH levels occurs during agonist treatment. This rebound is potentially harmful, taken the expression of FSH receptors (R) in prostate cancer tissue. We herein assessed the role of FSH in promoting the growth of androgen-independent (PC-3, DU145) and androgen-dependent (VCaP) human prostate cancer cell line xenografts in nude mice. Gonadotropins were suppressed with the GnRH antagonist degarelix, and effects of add-back human recombinant FSH were assessed on tumor growth. All tumors expressed GnRHR and FSHR, and degarelix treatment suppressed their growth. FSH supplementation reversed the degarelix-evoked suppression of PC-3 tumors, both in preventive (degarelix and FSH treatment started upon cell inoculation) and therapeutic (treatments initiated 3 weeks after cell inoculation) setting. A less marked, though significant FSH effect occurred in DU145, but not in VCaP xenografts. FSHR expression in the xenografts supports direct FSH stimulation of tumor growth. Testosterone supplementation, to maintain the VCaP xenografts, apparently masked the FSH effect on their growth. Treatment with the LH analogue hCG did not affect PC-3 tumor growth despite their expression of luteinizing hormone/choriongonadotropin receptor. In conclusion, FSH, but not LH, may directly stimulate the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer, suggesting that persistent FSH suppression upon GnRH antagonist treatment offers a therapeutic advantage over agonist.

Mifepristone Treatment Promotes Testicular Leydig Cell Tumor Progression in Transgenic Mice.

The selective progesterone receptor modulator mifepristone (MF) may act as a potent antiproliferative agent in different steroid-dependent cancers due to its strong antagonistic effect on the nuclear progesterone receptor (PGR). Hereby, we analyzed the effects of MF treatment on Leydig cell tumor (LCT) progression in a transgenic mouse model (inhibin-α promoter-driven SV40 T-antigen), as well as on LCT (BLTK-1 and mLTC-1) cell proliferation. MF significantly stimulated the proliferation of LCT in vitro. Similarly, a 1-mo MF or P4 treatment stimulated LCT tumor growth in vivo. Traceable/absent classical Pgr or nonclassical membrane PRs α, ß, γ and Pgrmc2, but abundant membrane Pgrmc1 expression, was found in LCTs. MF did not activate glucocorticoid or androgen receptors in LCTs. Functional analysis showed that PGRMC1 is required for MF and P4 to stimulate the proliferation and invasiveness of LCTs. Accordingly, MF and P4 induced PGRMC1 translocation into the nucleus and thereby stimulated the release of TGFß1 in LCT cells. MF and P4 treatments upregulated Tgfbr1, Tgfbr2, and Alk1 expression and stimulated TGFß1 release in LCT cells. Our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the action of MF as a membrane PR agonist that promotes LCT growth through PGRMC1 and the alternative TGFß1 signaling pathway.

Erbb4 regulates the oocyte microenvironment during folliculogenesis.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders leading to infertility in women affecting reproductive, endocrine and metabolic systems. Recent genomewide association studies on PCOS cohorts revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the ERBB4 receptor tyrosine kinase 4 gene, but its role in ovary development or during folliculogenesis remains poorly understood. Since no genetic animal models mimicking all PCOS reproductive features are available, we conditionally deleted Erbb4 in murine granulosa cells (GCs) under the control of Amh promoter. While we have demonstrated that Erbb4 deletion displayed aberrant ovarian function by affecting the reproductive function (asynchronous oestrous cycle leading to few ovulations and subfertility) and metabolic function (obesity), their ovaries also present severe structural and functional abnormalities (impaired oocyte development). Hormone analysis revealed an up-regulation of serum luteinizing hormone, hyperandrogenism, increased production of ovarian and circulating anti-Müllerian hormone. Our data implicate that Erbb4 deletion in GCs leads to defective intercellular junctions between the GCs and oocytes, causing changes in the expression of genes regulating the local microenvironment of the follicles. In vitro culture assays reducing the level of Erbb4 via shRNAs confirm that Erbb4 is essential for regulating Amh level. In conclusion, our results indicate a functional role for Erbb4 in the ovary, especially during folliculogenesis and its reduced expression plays an important role in reproductive pathophysiology, such as PCOS development.

MicroRNA-487a-3p functions as a new tumor suppressor in prostate cancer by targeting CCND1.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the major health problems of the aging male. The roles of dysregulated microRNAs in PCa remain unclear. In this study, we mined the public published data and found that miR-487a-3p was significantly downregulated in 38 pairs of clinical prostate tumor tissues compared with the normal tissues. We further verified this result by in situ hybridization on tissue chip and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in PCa/normal cells. miR-487a-3p targeting of cyclin D1 (CCND1) was identified using bioinformatics, qRT-PCR and western blot analyses. The cellular proliferation, cell cycle, migration, and invasion were assessed by cell counting kit-8, flow cytometry analysis and transwell assay. We discovered that overexpression of miR-487a-3p suppressed PCa cell growth, migration, invasion by directly targeting CCND1. Knockdown of CCND1 in PCa cells showed similar results. Meanwhile, the expression level of CCND1 was significantly upregulated in the PCa tissues and cell lines, which presented negative correlation with the expression of miR-487a-3p. More important, we demonstrated significantly reduced growth of xenograft tumors of stable miR-487a-3p-overexpressed human PCa cells in nude mice. Taken together, for the first time, our results revealed that miR-487a-3p as a tumor suppressor of PCa could target CCND1. Our finding might reveal miR-487a-3p could be potentially contributed to the pathogenesis and a clinical biomarker or the new potential therapeutic target of PCa.

Melatonin inhibits inflammasome-associated activation of endothelium and macrophages attenuating pulmonary arterial hypertension.

AIMS: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a pathophysiological syndrome associated with pulmonary/systemic inflammation. Melatonin relieves PAH, but the molecular mode of action remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of melatonin in normalizing vascular homeostasis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Light-time mean serum melatonin concentration was lower in patients with PAH than in normal controls [11.06 ± 3.44 (7.13-15.6) vs. 14.55 ± 1.28 (8.0-19.4) pg/mL], which was negatively correlated with increased serum levels of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) in patients with PAH. We showed that inflammasomes were activated in the PAH mice model and that melatonin attenuated IL-1ß secretion. On one hand, melatonin reduced the number of macrophages in lung by inhibiting the endothelial chemokines and adhesion factors. Moreover, use of Il1r-/- mice, Caspase1/11-/- mice, and melatonin-treated mice revealed that melatonin reduced hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial leakage in the lung. On the other hand, we verified that melatonin reduced the formation of inflammasome multiprotein complexes by modulating calcium ions in macrophages using a live cell station, and melatonin decreased inositol triphosphate and increased cAMP. Furthermore, knockdown of melatonin membrane receptors blocked melatonin function, and a melatonin membrane receptors agonist inactivated inflammasomes in macrophages. CONCLUSION: Melatonin attenuated inflammasome-associated vascular disorders by directly improving endothelial leakage and decreasing the formation of inflammasome multiprotein complexes in macrophages. Taken together, our data provide a theoretical basis for applying melatonin clinically, and inflammasomes may be a possible target of PAH treatment.

Cyanidin-3-o-Glucoside Pharmacologically Inhibits Tumorigenesis via Estrogen Receptor ß in Melanoma Mice.

Expression patterns of estrogen receptors [ERα, ERß, and G-protein associated ER (GPER)] in melanoma and skin may suggest their differential roles in carcinogenesis. Phytoestrogenic compound cyanidin-3-o-glucoside (C3G) has been shown to inhibit the growth and metastatic potential of melanoma, although the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of action of C3G in melanoma in vitro and in vivo, as well as to characterize the functional expressions of ERs in melanoma. In normal skin or melanoma (n = 20/each), no ERα protein was detectable, whereas expression of ERß was high in skin but weak focal or negative in melanoma; and finally high expression of GPER in all skin vs. 50% melanoma tissues (10/20) was found. These results correspond with our analysis of the melanoma survival rates (SRs) from Human Protein Atlas and The Cancer Genome Atlas GDC (362 patients), where low ERß expression in melanoma correlate with a poor relapse-free survival, and no correlations were observed between SRs and ERα or GPER expression in melanoma. Furthermore, we demonstrated that C3G treatment arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase by targeting cyclin B1 (CCNB1) and promoted apoptosis via ERß in both mouse and human melanoma cell lines, and inhibited melanoma cell growth in vivo. Our study suggested that C3G elicits an agonistic effect toward ERß signaling enhancement, which may serve as a potential novel therapeutic and preventive approach for melanoma.

Molecular mechanisms underlying mifepristone's agonistic action on ovarian cancer progression.

BACKGROUND: Recent clinical trials on ovarian cancer with mifepristone (MF) have failed, despite in vitro findings on its strong progesterone (P4) antagonist function. METHODS: Ovarian cancer human and murine cell lines, cultured high-grade human primary epithelial ovarian cancer (HG-hOEC) cells and their explants; as well as in vivo transgenic mice possessing ovarian cancer were used to assess the molecular mechanism underlying mifepristone (MF) agonistic actions in ovarian cancer progression. FINDINGS: Herein, we show that ovarian cancer cells express traceable/no nuclear P4 receptor (PGR), but abundantly P4 receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1). MF significantly stimulated ovarian cancer cell migration, proliferation and growth in vivo, and the translocation of PGRMC1 into the nucleus of cancer cells; the effects inhibited by PGRMC1 inhibitor. The beneficial antitumor effect of high-doses MF could not be achieved in human cancer tissue, and the low tissue concentrations achieved with the therapeutic doses only promoted the growth of ovarian cancers. INTERPRETATION: Our results indicate that treatment of ovarian cancer with MF and P4 may induce similar adverse agonistic effects in the absence of classical nuclear PGRs in ovarian cancer. The blockage of PGRMC1 activity may provide a novel treatment strategy for ovarian cancer. FUND: This work was supported by grants from the National Science Centre, Poland (2013/09/N/NZ5/01831 to DP-T; 2012/05/B/NZ5/01867 to MC), Academy of Finland (254366 to NAR), Moikoinen Cancer Research Foundation (to NAR) and EU PARP Cluster grant (UDA-POIG.05.01.00-005/12-00/NCREMFP to SW).

Features of the fetal gonad in androgen synthesis in the postpubertal testis are preserved in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome due to a novel genetic splice site donor variant in androgen receptor gene intron 1.

Mutations in the X-linked androgen receptor (AR) gene cause complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS). CAIS may cause congenital sexual development disorder, which frequently develops into testicular tumors. Here, we describe a novel splice-site intron 1 mutation in AR leading to improper splicing and AR protein absence in CAIS gonads. We characterized a patient's postpubertal gonadal steroidogenic enzyme expression profile. Localization of both CYP11A1 and CYP17A1 enzymes was restricted to both Leydig tumor cells and adjacent to tumor gonadal tissues. Sertoli cells of the CAIS gonad showed abundant HSD17B3 protein, which is an adult Leydig cell marker that enables the conversion of androstenedione to testosterone. Such HSD17B3 expression is typical for fetal-type Sertoli cells in rodents. The postpubertal CAIS gonad of our patient was completely devoid of androgen signaling pathway activity. Plausibly, the postpubertal Leydig cells consisted of two distinct cell populations: postpubertal fetal-type Leydig cells that persisted as androgen-independent cells and immature adult Leydig cells that failed to differentiate. Taken together, in this CAIS postpubertal testis, both Leydig and fetal-type Sertoli cells participated in testosterone production. Our results indicate the importance of molecular analysis as well as the characterization of steroidogenic enzyme profiling in the CAIS patient's gonad.

Lipopolysaccharide disrupts gap junctional intercellular communication in an immortalized ovine luteal endothelial cell line.

Gram-negative bacteria, in particular Escherichia coli with its cell wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS), often cause metritis and mastitis in domestic animals. Ovarian LPS accumulation may initiate local inflammatory reactions mediated through cell surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs). This may disrupt ovarian functionality leading to infertility. Possible adverse effects of LPS on luteal activity are not yet well explored. We hypothesized that LPS could lead to alterations in luteal vascular functionality. Therefore, we established an in vitro cell line model (OLENDO) by immortalizing microvascular endothelial cells isolated from ovine corpus luteum (CL) with a potent Simian Virus 40 T-antigen (SV40-Tag). OLENDO exhibit endothelial cell characteristics, like low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake, express BSL-I, and VEGFR2, as well as TLR2 and TLR4 receptors. LPS-treatment of OLENDO altered in vitro tube formation, had no effects on cell viability and decreased gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). LPS did not impair GJA1/Cx43 protein expression, but altered its cellular localization showing signs of internalization. Taken together, we demonstrated the mechanisms underlying LPS induced impairment of luteal GJIC and immune processes in a novel and well-characterized OLENDO cell line.