SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus co-infection: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and management.

SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus co-infection cases have been on the rise in dengue-endemic regions as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreads over the world, posing a threat of a co-epidemic. The risk of comorbidity in co-infection cases is greater than that of a single viral infection, which is a cause of concern. Although the pathophysiologies of the two infections are different, the viruses have comparable effects within the body, resulting in identical clinical symptoms in the case of co-infection, which adds to the complexity. Overlapping symptoms and laboratory features make proper differentiation of the infections important. However, specific biomarkers provide precise results that can be utilised to diagnose and treat a co-infection, whether it is simply COVID-19, dengue, or a co-infection. Though their treatment is distinguished, it becomes more complicated in circumstances of co-infection. As a result, regardless of whatever infection the first symptom points to, confirmation diagnosis of both COVID-19 and dengue should be mandatory, particularly in dengue-endemic regions, to prevent health deterioration in individuals treated for a single infection. There is still a scarcity of concise literature on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, therapy, and management of SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus co-infection. The epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus co-infection, the mechanism of pathogenesis, and the potential impact on patients are summarised in this review. The possible diagnosis with biomarkers, treatment, and management of the SARS-CoV-2 and dengue viruses are also discussed. This review will shed light on the appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and management of the patients suffering from SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus co-infection.

Co-circulation of Multiple SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Dhaka, Bangladesh, during the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Thirty partial coding DNA sequences (CDSs) of the spike gene of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were obtained from nasopharyngeal swab samples collected in March to July 2021 in Dhaka, Bangladesh, during the second wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, using Sanger sequencing technology. Sequence analysis showed the presence of multiple WHO-designated variants of concern (VOCs), including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta, with predominant circulation of Delta variants during that period.

Identification of a novel variant of hepatitis B virus isolated from patient co-infected with hepatitis C virus.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major public health concern worldwide. Co-infection of hepatitis B patients with other pathogens intensifies the severity of the disease. We report a novel variant of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Bangladesh isolated from a patient co-infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) who exhibited liver cirrhosis. From 150 collected plasma samples, we sequenced HBV complete genome from one HBV-HCV co-infected patient. The complete genome was analysed using bioinformatics tools, NCBI BLAST, Geno2Pheno, and SnapGene software. The strain belongs to genotype A and subgenotype A1. Upon analysing the complete genome of this strain, we found a frameshift deletion of 54 nucleotides at the pre-S2 region, a functional regulator of HBV surface protein. Furthermore, we observed a Y126H mutation in the polymerase protein of this strain. This is the first report with such an unusual pre-S deletion event of the HBV genome in an HCV-co-infected patient associated with liver cirrhosis. These findings may inform scientists about genomic modifications in the HBV genome associated with HCV co-infection.

Genome Sequencing of Omicron Variants of SARS-CoV-2 Circulating in Bangladesh during the Third Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The coding-complete genome sequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was obtained from 39 nasopharyngeal swab samples collected in January 2022 from Dhaka, Bangladesh, during the 3rd wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, using Illumina MiniSeq sequencing technology. Sequence analysis showed that all of them belonged to the WHO-designated variant of concern (VOC) Omicron. The presence of different sublineages of Omicron was noted, among which sublineage BA.2 (Nextstrain clade 21L) was the most prevalent one.

Genomic Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 Viruses Collected during the Ending Phase of the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh.

Mutations, deletions, and the emergence of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may pose a serious health threat. Here, we report the genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 viruses that were collected from SARS-CoV-2-infected patients during the end phase of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Dhaka, Bangladesh.