ABSTRACT
Jakarta Greater Area (JGA) has encountered recurrent challenges of air pollution, notably, high ozone levels. We investigate the trends of surface ozone (O3) changes from the air quality monitoring stations and resolve the contribution of meteorological drivers in urban Jakarta (2010-2019) and rural Bogor sites (2017-2019) using stepwise Multi Linear Regression. During 10 years of measurement, 41% of 1-h O3 concentrations exceeded Indonesia' s national threshold in Jakarta. In Bogor, 0.1% surpassed the threshold during 3 years of available data records. The monthly average of maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O3 anomalies exhibited a downward trend at Jakarta sites while increasing at the rural site of Bogor. Meteorological and anthropogenic drivers contribute 30% and 70%, respectively, to the interannual O3 anomalies in Jakarta. Ozone formation sensitivity with satellite demonstrates that a slight decrease in NO2 and an increase in HCHO contributed to declining O3 in Jakarta with 10 years average of HCHO to NO2 ratio (FNR) of 3.7. Conversely, O3 increases in rural areas with a higher FNR of 4.4, likely due to the contribution from the natural emission of O3 precursors and the influence of meteorological factors that magnify the concentration.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) must be controlled by involving all stakeholders, including the community. Community protocol compliance with COVID-19 health guidelines is essential. This study assessed the social determinants of health on community protocol compliance with COVID-19 health guidelines among adults in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a mixed-method study of 461 adults from February through May 2021 in Yogyakarta Province. We collected data through an online survey, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews. Logistic regression was used to analyze the results. RESULTS: Most respondents (86%) always wore masks, followed social distancing (51.8%), and washed their hands regularly (99%). Subjects older than 45 years, women, and community leaders demonstrated greater compliance with COVID-19 health protocols compared to other people. On the other hand, the occupation has become a healthy lifestyle practice indicator. CONCLUSION: Gender, age, educational level, economics, and social status were determinants of health protocol adherence among adults in Yogyakarta. Therefore, health providers need to consider social determinants for health promotion approaches and COVID-19 prevention and control strategies.
