Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of fetal overgrowth: Systematic review of cohort studies.

OBJECTIVES: Fetal overgrowth has detrimental effects on both the mother and the fetus. The global issue of ambient air pollution has been found to contribute to fetal overgrowth through various pathways. This study aimed to identify the association between prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and the risk of fetal overgrowth. METHODS: We identified articles between January 2013 and February 2024 by searching the Web of Sciences(WoS), PubMed, Proquest, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle Ottawa scale. This review was provided based on the PRISMA guideline and registered with PROSPERO, "CRD42023488936". RESULTS: The search generated 1719 studies, of which 22 cohort studies were included involving 3,480,041 participants. Results on the effects of air pollutants on fetal overgrowth are inconsistent because they vary in population and geographic region. But in general, the results indicate that prenatal exposure to air pollutants, specifically PM2.5, NO2, and SO2, is linked to a higher likelihood of fetal overgrowth(macrosomia and large for gestational age). Nevertheless, the relationship between CO and O3 pollution and fetal overgrowth remains uncertain. Furthermore, PM10 has a limited effect on fetal overgrowth. It is essential to consider the time that reproductive-age women are exposed to air pollution. Exposure to air pollutants before conception and throughout pregnancy has a substantial impact on the fetus's vulnerability to overgrowth. CONCLUSIONS: Fetal overgrowth has implications for the health of both mother and fetus. fetal overgrowth can cause cardiovascular diseases, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other diseases in adulthood, so it is considered an important issue for the health of the future generation. Contrary to popular belief that air pollution leads to intrauterine growth restriction and low birth weight, this study highlights that one of the adverse consequences of air pollution is macrosomia or LGA during pregnancy. Therefore governments must focus on implementing initiatives that aim to reduce pregnant women's exposure to ambient air pollution to ensure the health of future generations.

Association between the duration of progesterone supplementation treatment and premature neonates outcomes: A retrospective cohort study.

Background and Aims: Preterm birth (PTB) is the leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity, progesterone is one of the main hormones to maintain a normal pregnancy. However, there are still conflicting results regarding using progesterone supplementation to prevent PTB and improve neonatal outcomes. The length of treatment with progesterone supplementation is also one of the challenges ahead, so the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the duration of progesterone supplementation treatment and neonatal outcomes. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted on pregnant women at risk of PTB and who have taken progesterone supplementation. They were asked about the length of treatment with progesterone supplements and finally, the neonatal outcomes of these women were measured. Results: A total of 265 pregnant women who met the inclusion criteria were included in this study and the subjects were divided into two groups that received progesterone <12 weeks and received progesterone ≥12. In the group of women receiving progesterone with a treatment duration of ≥12 weeks, the rate of preterm labor, respiratory distress syndrome, low birth weight, and the need for hospitalization were significantly lower than in the group receiving progesterone with a treatment duration of ≥12 weeks. Conclusion: Progesterone administration for longer than 12 weeks in women at risk of PTB can improve neonatal outcomes.

Possible cognition changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a narrative review.

Nowadays, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and cognitive dysfunction are major health problems among female. This narrative review aimed to investigate cognitive dysfunction in female with PCOS. English and Persian articles published in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PsycINFO, Scientific Information Database, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews until May 2022 were searched. Sixteen studies involving 850 female with PCOS and 974 controls were assessed. In these studies, the association between biochemical factors and symptoms of PCOS and memory, attention, executive functioning, information processing speed, and visuospatial skills was evaluated. The literature review revealed the possible cognitive changes in female with PCOS. This study summarized the different aspects of cognitive function in female with PCOS due to medication, psychological problems (mood disorders caused by disease symptoms and complications), and biochemical markers, such as metabolic and sex hormone abnormalities. Considering the existing scientific gap regarding the possibility of cognitive complications in female with PCOS, further biological studies should be conducted to evaluate the potential mechanisms involved.

Association of body composition in early pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Body composition as dynamic indices constantly changes in pregnancy. The use of body composition indices in the early stages of pregnancy has recently been considered. Therefore, the current meta-analysis study was conducted to investigate the relationship between body composition in the early stages of pregnancy and gestational diabetes. METHOD: Valid databases searched for papers published from 2010 to December 2021 were based on PRISMA guideline. Newcastle Ottawa was used to assess the quality of the studies. For all analyses, STATA 14.0 was used. Mean difference (MD) of anthropometric indices was calculated between the GDM and Non-GDM groups. Pooled MD was estimated by "Metan" command, and heterogeneity was defined using Cochran's Q test of heterogeneity, and I 2 index was used to quantify heterogeneity. RESULTS: Finally, 29 studies with a sample size of 56438 met the criteria for entering the meta-analysis. Pooled MD of neck circumference, hip circumference, waist hip ratio, and visceral adipose tissue depth were, respectively, 1.00 cm (95% CI: 0.79 to 1.20) [N = 5; I^2: 0%; p: 0.709], 7.79 cm (95% CI: 2.27 to 13.31) [N = 5; I2: 84.3%; P<0.001], 0.03 (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.04) [N = 9; I2: 89.2%; P<0.001], and 7.74 cm (95% CI: 0.11 to 1.36) [N = 4; I^2: 95.8%; P<0.001]. CONCLUSION: Increased neck circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, arm circumference, waist to hip ratio, visceral fat depth, subcutaneous fat depth, and short stature increased the possibility of developing gestational diabetes. These indices can accurately, cost-effectively, and affordably assess the occurrence of gestational diabetes, thus preventing many consequences with early detection of gestational diabetes.

Association between body mass index in the first half of pregnancy and gestational diabetes: A systematic review.

Gestational diabetes mellitus is a more common complication in pregnancy and rising worldwide and screening for treating gestational diabetes mellitus is an opportunity for preventing its complications. Abnormal body mass index is the cause of many complications in pregnancy that is one of the major and modifiable risk factors in pregnancy too. This systematic review aimed to define the association between body mass index in the first half of pregnancy (before 20 weeks of gestation) and gestational diabetes mellitus. Web of Science, PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus, ProQuest, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar databases were systematically explored for articles published until April 31, 2022. Participation, exposure, comparators, outcomes, study design criteria include pregnant women (P), body mass index (E), healthy pregnant women (C), gestational diabetes mellitus (O), and study design (cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional). Newcastle-Ottawa scale checklists were used to report the quality of the studies. Eighteen quality studies were analyzed. A total of 41,017 pregnant women were in the gestational diabetes mellitus group and 285,351 pregnant women in the normal glucose tolerance group. Studies have reported an association between increased body mass index and gestational diabetes mellitus. Women who had a higher body mass index in the first half of pregnancy were at higher risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. In the first half of pregnancy, body mass index can be used as a reliable and available risk factor to assess gestational diabetes mellitus, especially in some situations where the pre-pregnancy body mass index is not available.

Effect of gestational diabetes mellitus on lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can have adverse effects on pregnancy. GDM is associated with changes in the lipid profile of pregnant women. Finding out the early ways to diagnose GDM can prevent the adverse outcomes. This meta-analysis study aimed to determine the effect of GDM on lipid profile. PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrial were systematically searched for published articles relating to GDM until 2021 according to PRISMA guidelines. Newcastle Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the studies. Thirty-three studies with a sample size of 23,792 met the criteria for entering the meta-analysis. Pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) for total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) was 0.23 mg/dL (95% CI: 0.11-0.34) and 1.14 mg/dL (95% CI: 0.91-1.38), respectively. The mean of TC and TG in people with GDM was higher than that in normal pregnant women. A similar pattern was observed for the very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and TG/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio, with pooled SMD of 0.99 mg (95% CI: 0.71-1.27) and 0.65 mg (95% CI: 0.36-0.94), respectively. Pooled SMD for HDL was -0.35 mg/dL (95% CI: -0.54 to -0.16), women with GDM had a mean HDL lower than normal pregnant women. Although pooled SMD was higher for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the GDM group, this difference was not significant (0.14 [95% CI: -0.04 to 0.32]). Of all the lipid profiles, the largest difference between the GDM and control groups was observed in TG (SMD: 1.14). Elevated serum TG had the strongest effect on GDM. Higher levels of TC, LDL, VLDL, and TG/HDL ratio, and lower level of HDL were exhibited in GDM group. So, these markers can be considered as a reliable marker in the diagnosis of GDM.

Effect of electromagnetic field on abortion: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The increasing use of new technologies by pregnant women inevitably exposes them to the risks of the electromagnetic fields (EMFs). According to the World Health Organization, EMFs are the major sources of pollutants which harm human health. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of EMF exposure on abortion. METHODS: Web of Science, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched until 2021. Pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was explored using Cochran's Q test and I 2 index. A meta-regression method was employed to investigate the factors affecting heterogeneity between the studies. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the credibility of the studies. RESULTS: Eligible studies (N = 17) were analyzed with a total of 57,693 participants. The mean maternal age (95% CI) was 31.06 years (27.32-34.80). Based on meta-analysis results, the pooled estimate for OR of EMF with its effects was 1.27 (95% CI: 1.10-1.46). According to the results of meta-regression, sample size had a significant effect on heterogeneity between studies (p: 0.030), but mother's age and publication year had no significant effect on heterogeneity (p-value of bothwere >0.05). No publication bias was observed. CONCLUSION: Exposure to EMFs above 50 Hz or 16 mG is associated with 1.27× increased risk of abortion. It may be prudent to advise women against this potentially important environmental hazard. Indeed, pregnant women should receive tailored counselling.

The relationship between postmenopausal women's body image and the severity of menopausal symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Body image is the main element of an individual's personality that may be influenced by many factors during menopause. We aimed to assess the relationship between postmenopausal women's body image with the severity of menopausal symptoms. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study on 300 postmenopausal women, aged 45 to 65 years old, in Tehran, Iran. We recruited the samples using the multi-stage sampling method. Tools for data collection were: 1) the Menopausal Rating Scale (MRS), 2) the Fisher's Body Image questionnaire and 3) a socio-demographic questionnaire. We analyzed data using the independent samples t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman's correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression tests. RESULTS: Three hundred women aged 55.11 ± 3.99 years old, participated in the study. Mean scores for body image and MRS were 163.07 ± 21.17 (Range: 46-230) and 16.45 ± 8.38 (Range: 0-44), respectively. About 50% of women had severe symptoms of menopause (MRS score ≥ 17). There was a negative correlation between the total score and the score of all dimensions of body image with the total score and all dimensions of MRS (P < 0.001). There were also significant relationships between women's body image with: their education (P < 0.001, r = 0.20) the spouse's education (P < 0.001, r = 0.26), adequacy of monthly household income (P < 0.001, r = 0.32), marital status (P = 0.36), their occupation (P = 0.007) and housing status (P = 0.012). There was also a significant negative correlation between women's lower body organs image with the number of children (P = 0.017, r = - 0.14). According to the multiple linear regressions model, severity of menopausal symptoms (Beta = - 0.45, P < 0.001) and adequacy of monthly household income (Beta = 0.15, P = 0.005) are the significant related factors with postmenopausal women's body image. CONCLUSIONS: Body image is correlated with menopausal symptoms of women during menopause. Therefore, it seems that interventions aimed at relieving the annoying symptoms of menopause can help to improve their body image. Also, body image could be influenced by some socio-demographic factors which should be considered in menopause health promotion programs.

Impact of phytoestrogens on treatment of urogenital menopause symptoms: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.

OBJECTIVE: Menopause symptoms affect the various dimensions of women's lives and they can lead to reduction of their quality of life. Phytoestrogens can be used as an approach to diminish these symptoms. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effect of phytoestrogens on the treatment of urogenital menopause symptoms. STUDY DESIGN: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane library,Scopus and ProQuest were systematically searched from 2000-2020. All randomized clinical trials were included. The quality of the selected papers was evaluated by the CONSORT checklist. RESULTS: 33 eligible high-quality papers were reviewed. Various forms of phytoestrogens such as Pueraria Mirifica, fennel, Hop plant(Humuluslupulus L.), Glycine Max (L.) Merr, soy, red clover, black cohosh, ginsing, cimicifugaracemosa, genistein, diadzein, glycitein and isoflavone in the form of oral capsules and pill, food supplement, enriched powder, vaginal gel, cream and suppository could improve menopausal urogenital symptoms. The recovery rate in vaginal use of these phytoestrogens was greater than other consumptions. CONCLUSIONS: After using a variety of phytoestrogens in different forms indicators of urogenital atrophy and urinary disorders improved and women's sexual function improved after treatment. The use of phytoestrogens as a safe, low-risk compared to hormone therapy and almost accessible method for women can relieve urogenital symptoms and promote the sexual satisfaction and quality of life.

Vitamin D supplementation for primary dysmenorrhea: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have shown a possible association between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on pain and systemic symptoms in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. METHODS: This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on female students aged 18 to 32 years with primary dysmenorrhea and vitamin D deficiency (25 [OH]D <30 ng/mL). The participants (n=116) received either 50,000 IU of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) or placebo capsules on a weekly basis for eight consecutive weeks. The outcomes were pain intensity (scored 0 to 10), number of days with pain, number of consumed pain-relief medications (per day), and severity of systemic symptoms (fatigue, headache, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea; total score of 0 to 12). RESULTS: Compared with baseline, our participants who received vitamin D experienced significant reductions in pain intensity (-1.0 and -1.5 score at weeks 4 and 8, P<0.001), the number of days with pain (-1.0 day at weeks 4 and 8, P<0.001), the number of consumed pain-relief medications (-1.0 at weeks 4 and 8, P<0.001), and systemic symptoms severity (-1.0 score at weeks 4 and 8, P<0.001). No significant improvements were observed in the placebo group in terms of these outcomes. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D supplementation in women with primary dysmenorrhea and vitamin D deficiency could improve systemic symptoms and reduce pain intensity, the number of days with pain, and the need for consuming pain-relief medications.

Social determinants of mental health of women living in slum: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: With the rise of urbanization globally, the problem of living in slums has become a problem for the civil society. As a vulnerable segment, women make up half of the population in these regions; therefore, women's mental health has always been a concern. The purpose of this study was to review the social determinants of mental health in women living in slum areas. METHODS: We systematically reviewed articles published between 2009 and 2019 on the social determinants of women's mental health in SID, Magiran, Google scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Embase, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and PsychARTICLES databases using MeSH keywords according to PRISMA guidelines. The quality of the studies was assessed depending on the type of study using Ottawa Newcastle" scale and Joanna Briggs Institute quality assessment tools. Finally, 23 studies were analyzed. RESULTS: Different social determinants influenced the mental health of women living in slum areas. Among the structural determinants, the socioeconomic level had the highest frequency, and gender was in the second rank with the highest correlation with poorer women's mental health status. Among the intermediate determinants, living conditions, food insecurity, social capital, and social support were most frequently associated with mental health status. CONCLUSION: Women living in slum areas are prone to developing mental disorders and poorer mental health; therefore, supporting these women and creating job opportunities to raise their incomes and, subsequently, improve their social, economic, and living conditions should be taken into consideration. In addition, this requires careful planning and comprehensive social support.

Non- Pharmacological Approaches on the Improvement of Sleep Disturbances in Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

ABSTRACT: Autism is a type of neurodegenerative disorder, caused by genetic and environmental factors. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have symptoms of attention deficit and behavioral problems. Child's sleep pattern has a significant effect on mood. Sleep problems are more common in children with ASD. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of non-pharmacological approaches on the improvement of sleep disturbances in patients with ASD. MATERIALS & METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct to identify relevant articles published from January 2009 to May 2019. All original articles from observational and interventional studies were reviewed. The CONSORT Statement and Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology(STROBE) checklist were used to assess the quality of selected papers. RESULTS: Reviewing 18 eligible articles according to the CONSORT checklist(for interventional studies) and STROBE (for descriptive studies) demonstrated that behavioral interventions, such as cognitivebehavioral therapy, bedtime fading with response cost, and functional behavioral assessment, physical activity such as aerobic exercise, swimming, and aquatic exercise and weighted blankets can improve sleep disturbances. CONCLUSION: Restlessness, tantrums, increased stereotypic activities, and reducedlearning level and speaking power in children with autism were. caused by poor sleep quality and sleep deficiency, which may affect other dimensions of life. Non- pharmacological approaches to sleep disturbances could improve both sleep quality and quality of life of children with ASD with no adverse effect.

Social determinants of domestic violence against suburban women in developing countries: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: In addition to the many social, economic, cultural, security, and environmental problems in the metropolitan areas, suburbanization has led to the growth and spread of domestic violence against women, and is still increasing. Different social determinants can play a role in violence against suburban women, so this study was designed to investigate the social determinants of domestic violence in suburban women of developing countries. METHODS: According to PRISMA guideline, the keywords, which were determined considering MESH, were searched in Google Scholar, MEDLINE, SID, Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus and Science Direct with the 2009 to 2019 time limit. STROBE checklist was used for evaluating quantitative studies and JBI for qualitative studies. Finally 30 high quality studies were included. RESULTS: The prevalence of general domestic violence among women of different ages was reported between 2.3-73.78% in the suburban regions of developing countries. The prevalence of physical, emotional and psychological violence was about 11.54-61.6% and 7.8-84.3%. The prevalence of sexual,economic and the verbal violence was about 0.8-58.8%, 13.7- 43.7% and 33.21-86.1%. The most common factors affecting violence against women were the structural factors of early marriage, the husband's addiction to alcohol and drugs. CONCLUSION: General domestic violence and its various types are prevalent in different parts of the world and the factors affecting domestic violence such as age, marriage age, low literacy, husband addiction to alcohol and drugs are all things that can be prevented by special health planning in these areas to improve women's health and thus prevent violence against suburban women.

Role of vitamin D and calcium in the relief of primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review.

Dysmenorrhea is one of the well-established problems among women of reproductive age and can have adverse effects on the quality of life of the individual. Some studies suggest a relationship between vitamin D (Vit D) and calcium deficiency and the emergence of early dysmenorrhea. Accordingly, a systematic study was performed to investigate the role of calcium and Vit D in the relief of primary dysmenorrhea. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar for papers published between 2010 and 2020. The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials and Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklists were used to assess the quality of the studies. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment tool. Low calcium levels lead to an increase in uterine muscle contraction and can cause pain after decreased uterine blood flow. Furthermore, low levels of Vit D can increase primary dysmenorrhea by increasing prostaglandin production or reducing intestinal calcium absorption. That being the case, Vit D and calcium intake can be effective in reducing the severity of primary dysmenorrhea and in reducing the rate of analgesic use. Low levels of Vit D and calcium are inversely related to the severity of primary dysmenorrhea, and Vit D and calcium intake can reduce the severity of primary dysmenorrhea and its associated systemic symptoms. Therefore, the use of calcium and Vit D supplements can be recommended to relieve dysmenorrhea.

Correction to: Is body image a predictor of women's depression and anxiety in postmenopausal women?

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Is body image a predictor of women's depression and anxiety in postmenopausal women?

BACKGROUND: Women in perimenopausal and postmenopausal period are at increased risk of depression and anxiety. Physiologic changes in menopause can change body's appearance and function that may disturb body and then lead to anxiety and depression. This study aims to assess the relationship between body image with anxiety and depression among postmenopausal women. METHODS: This descriptive study was performed on 307 women attending to the health centers in Tehran- Iran. Sampling was performed by a multi-staged randomized method. Data were collected by using Beck Depression questionnaire, Spielberger Anxiety Questionnaire, Fisher Body Image Questionnaire and Socio-demographic questionnaires. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21 and using t-test, Pearson and Spearman correlation tests and multiple linear regression methods. RESULTS: The average age of the participants was 55.19 ± 4.034 years. Mean scores for body image, anxiety and depression were 163.26 ± 20.38, 12.00 ± 7.71 and 42.70 ± 8.40 respectively. Fifty five percent of women had mild to severe depression and 83.7% of them had mild to severe anxiety. Total score and all domains of body image had a negative correlation with depression and anxiety scores (P < 0.001). Multiple linear correlation showed that body image is a predictor for depression and anxiety (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Body image of women can be effective on occurrence of depression and anxiety in menopause. Therefore, women's health policies should consider body image to control cognitive problems including depression and anxiety in menopause.

Role of C-reactive Protein(CRP) or high-sensitivity CRP in predicting gestational diabetes Mellitus:Systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is the most common disorder during pregnancy in 8-18% of pregnancies. Due to maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment have always been of interest to researchers. One of the recent cases for early diagnosis of GDM is the size of the C-reactive protein (CRP). The purpose of this review study was to investigate the role of CRP or its high sensitivity type in predicting GDM. METHODS: Systematic searching of MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ProQuest databases between 2009 and 2019 using keywords 'Gestational Diabetes Mellitus','Screening', 'C-reactive protein',' High sensitivity CRP'was performed. The quality of articles was also assessed using the STROBE checklist. RESULTS: After a thorough search of the mentioned databases, 31 articles with the desired quality were finally selected. Most of studies showed significant relationship between CRP or high-sensitivity CRP(hs-CRP) level with GDMbutthe relationship was not significant in fewstudies. CONCLUSIONS: Blood levels of CRP or hs-CRP could be used as a potential indicator for GDM, but more studies are needed.

Factors effective in the prevention of Preeclampsia:A systematic review.

Due to the morbidity and mortality of mothers and fetuses developed by preeclampsia, preventive approaches have always been taken into account in high risk individuals. Systematic review studies contribute to make a better decision about the results of such studies. Accordingly, this study strived to systematically study the factors effective in the prevention of preeclampsia. The MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Proquest databases were systematically reviewed between January 2000 and May 2019. The quality of the studies was analyzed using the CONSORT checklist. A study was conducted on 29 quality interventional studies; 28 of which were RCT type, and on various factors such as anticoagulants (heparin, enoxaparin, Dalteparin and Nadroparin), aspirin, paravastatin, nitric oxide, yoga, micronutrients Such as l-Arginine, Folic Acid, Vitamin E and C, Phytonutrient, Lycopene and Vitamin D alone or in combination with Calcium. The results of this study showed that low molecular weight heparin, enoxaparin, PETN, yoga, L arginine, folic acid, vitamin D prevented preeclampsia alone or combined with calcium.