ABSTRACT
A brief insight of Rigid Bronchoscopy and methodology in current times in a tertiary care centre and a series of 3 recent unusual encounters of foreign body removed through rigid bronchoscopy.
ABSTRACT
The present work studies the effect of butanol in thumba (Citrullus colocynthis) biodiesel in an IDI CI engine at varying percentages of 5 and 10% in 15 and 10% thumba biodiesel respectively with 80% diesel in each blend. Another blend was introduced with 80% diesel and 20% biodiesel without any additive. The experiment was conducted in a single cylinder four-stroke IDI CI engine at 1500 rpm varying from 25% to full-load (100%) conditions. The results showed diesel with less bio diesel and higher butanol in percentage gives good performance and emission compared to diesel at higher loads. Blend containing 10% bio diesel, 10% butanol, and 80% diesel (D80B10Bu10) showed higher cylinder pressure, heat release rate, BThE, and less NOx. Biodiesels gave less UHC, CO emissions. In this work, multi-objective fuzzy-based genetic algorithm was introduced for the best fit result. Four parameters were used for optimization (BSFC, BThE, CO, NOx). The result from genetic algorithm was taken for validation and the optimized result was found adequate after validation.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/analysis , Biofuels , Butanols , Citrullus colocynthis , Hot Temperature , Pressure , Vehicle Emissions/analysis , Algorithms , Carbon Dioxide/analysis , Deceleration , Gasoline , Nitrogen Oxides/analysisABSTRACT
The energy situation and the concerns about global warming nowadays have ignited research interest in non-conventional and alternative fuel resources to decrease the emission and the continuous dependency on fossil fuels, particularly for various sectors like power generation, transportation, and agriculture. In the present work, the research is focused on evaluating the performance, emission characteristics, and combustion of biodiesel such as palm kernel methyl ester with the addition of diesel additive "triacetin" in it. A timed manifold injection (TMI) system was taken up to examine the influence of durations of several blends induced on the emission and performance characteristics as compared to normal diesel operation. This experimental study shows better performance and releases less emission as compared with mineral diesel and in turn, indicates that high performance and low emission is promising in PKME-triacetin fuel operation. This analysis also attempts to describe the application of the fuzzy logic-based Taguchi analysis to optimize the emission and performance parameters.
Subject(s)
Biofuels , Palm Oil/chemistry , Vehicle Emissions/analysis , Esters/chemistry , Models, Theoretical , Triacetin/chemistryABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The most common incident cancer and cause of cancer-related deaths in women is breast cancer. The Myc gene is upregulated in many cancer types including breast cancer, and it is considered as a potential anti-cancer drug target. The present study was conducted to evaluate the Myc (gene and protein) expression pattern in an experimental mammary tumour model in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty six Sprague Dawley rats were divided into: Experimental group (26 animals), which received the chemical carcinogen N-methyl nitrosourea (MNU) and a control group (10 animals), which received vehicle only. c-Myc oncoprotein and its mRNA expression pattern were evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively, in normal rat mammary tissue and mammary tumours. The rat glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene was used as internal control for semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: Histopathological examination of mammary tissues and tumours from MNU treated animals revealed the presence of premalignant lesions, benign tumours, in situ carcinomas and invasive carcinomas. Immunohistochemical evaluation of tumour tissues showed upregulation and heterogeneous cellular localization of c-Myc oncoprotein. The expression levels of c-Myc oncoprotein were significantly elevated (75- 91%) in all the tumours. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed increased expression of c-Myc mRNA in mammary tumours compared to normal mammary tissues. CONCLUSIONS: Further large-scale investigation study is needed to adopt this experimental rat mammary tumour model as an in vivo model to study anti-cancer strategies directed against Myc or its downstream partners at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level.
Subject(s)
Carcinogens/toxicity , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism , Methylnitrosourea/toxicity , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism , Animals , Female , Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases/genetics , Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases/metabolism , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
Urine is one of the diagnostically important bio fluids, as it has different metabolites in it, where many of them are native fluorophores. Native fluorescence characteristics of human urine samples were studied using excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) over a range of excitation and emission wavelengths, and emission spectra at 405 nm excitation, to discriminate patients with cancer from the normal subjects. The fluorescence spectra of urine samples of cancer patients exhibit considerable spectral differences in both EEMs and emission spectra with respect to normal subjects. Different ratios were calculated using the fluorescence intensity values of the emission spectra and they were used as input variables for a multiple linear discriminant analysis across different groups. The discriminant analysis classifies 94.7% of the original grouped cases and 94.1% of the cross-validated grouped cases correctly. Based on the fluorescence emission characteristics of urine and statistical analysis, it may be concluded that the fluorophores nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavins may be considered as metabolomic markers of cancer.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/urine , Flavins/urine , Head and Neck Neoplasms/urine , NAD/urine , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/urine , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Biomarkers/urine , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Case-Control Studies , Discriminant Analysis , Female , Fluorescence , Head and Neck Neoplasms/diagnosis , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , ROC Curve , Spectrometry, Fluorescence/statistics & numerical data , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosisABSTRACT
In the current study, the fluorescence emission spectra (FES) and Stokes shift spectra (SSS) of blood and urine samples of cervical cancer patients were obtained and compared to those of normal controls. Both spectra showed that the relative intensity of biomolecules such as porphyrin, collagen, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and flavin were quite out of proportion in cervical cancer patients. The biochemical mechanism for the elevation of these fluorophores is not yet definitive; nevertheless, these biomolecules could serve as tumor markers for diagnosis, screening, and follow-up of cervical cancers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on FES and SSS of blood and urine of cervical cancer patients to give a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 78%.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers, Tumor/blood , Biomarkers, Tumor/urine , Spectrometry, Fluorescence/methods , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/metabolism , Female , Humans , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
The H(2)F(3)(-) anion in mononuclear [Cu(dpd)(2)][(H(2)F(3))(2)] (dpd = di-2-pyridyl-methanediol) exists as a HF(2)(-)/HF adduct as evidenced by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.
