Pandemia de Covid-19 y transformación digital en Cuidados Intensivos / Covid-19 pandemic and digital transformation in critical care units

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Variability in triage practices for critically ill cancer patients: A randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: Intensive care triage practices and end-user interpretation of triage guidelines have rarely been assessed. We evaluated agreement between providers on the prioritization of patients for ICU admission using different triage guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multi-centered randomized study on providers from 18 different countries was conducted using clinical vignettes of oncological patients. The level of agreement between providers was measured using two different guidelines, with one being cancer specific. RESULTS: Amongst 257 providers, 52.5% randomly received the Society of Critical Care Prioritization Model, and 47.5% received a cancer specific flowchart as a guide. In the Prioritization Model arm the average entropy was 1.193, versus 1.153 in the flowchart arm (P = .095) indicating similarly poor agreement. The Fleiss' kappa coefficients were estimated to be 0.2136 for the SCCMPM arm and 0.2457 for the flowchart arm, also similarly implying poor agreement. CONCLUSIONS: The low agreement amongst practitioners on the prioritization of cancer patient cases for ICU admission existed using both general triage guidelines and guidelines tailored only to cancer patients. The lack of consensus on intensive care unit triage practices in the oncological population exposes a potential barrier to appropriate resource allocation that needs to be addressed.

Dignificando el Final de la Vida en Cuidados Intensivos / Dignifying the End of Life in the Intensive Care Unit

Con frecuencia, cuando una persona se enferma, comienza un complicado proceso de consultas médicas, utilización de sofisticados medios auxiliares de diagnóstico, e instauración de tratamientos cada vez más complejos y costosos. Cuando, en vez de curar la enfermedad progresa; el enfermo se ve abrumado por la aplicación de nuevas exploraciones altamente tecnificadas que persiguen alcanzar un diagnóstico más preciso de la enfermedad a fin de instaurar medidas terapéuticas más agresivas. Como es de esperar, en muchos casos la enfermedad sigue su curso y llega un momento en el que tanto el paciente como sus allegados y el equipo médico se preguntan hasta qué punto es razonable continuar. Esta encrucijada es el punto de decisión de aceptar el final de la vida como evento natural. Pero en muchos casos se percibe como un fracaso, y no como la historia natural de los procesos graves.

Frequently, when a person falls ill, a complicated process of medical visits, use of sophisticated auxiliary means for diagnosis, and the establishment of treatments that are becoming more and more complex and expensive starts. When, instead of the patient's getting cured, the illness advances, the patient becomes overwhelmed due to the new and highly developed explorations that pursue a more precise diagnosis of the illness in order to establish more aggressive therapeutic measures. As it is expected, the illness, in many cases, continues advancing and reaches a moment in which both the patient and their close relatives, as well as the medical team, wonder until when it is still reasonable to continue with the treatments. This crossroads is the point of decision to accept death as a natural event. Most of the times, nevertheless, death is perceived as a failure, not as the natural story of serious processes.

Evidence-based guidelines for the use of tracheostomy in critically ill patients.

OBJECTIVES: To provide evidence-based guidelines for tracheostomy in critically ill adult patients and identify areas needing further research. METHODS: A taskforce composed of representatives of 10 member countries of the Pan-American and Iberic Federation of Societies of Critical and Intensive Therapy Medicine and of the Latin American Critical Care Trial Investigators Network developed recommendations based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. RESULTS: The group identified 23 relevant questions among 87 issues that were initially identified. In the initial search, 333 relevant publications were identified, of which 226 publications were chosen. The taskforce generated a total of 19 recommendations, 10 positive (1B, 3; 2C, 3; 2D, 4) and 9 negative (1B, 8; 2C, 1). A recommendation was not possible in 6 questions. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous techniques are associated with a lower risk of infections compared with surgical tracheostomy. Early tracheostomy only seems to reduce the duration of ventilator use but not the incidence of pneumonia, the length of stay, or the long-term mortality rate. The evidence does not support the use of routine bronchoscopy guidance or laryngeal masks during the procedure. Finally, proper prior training is as important or even a more significant factor in reducing complications than the technique used.

Delirium epidemiology in critical care (DECCA): an international study.

INTRODUCTION: Delirium is a frequent source of morbidity in intensive care units (ICUs). Most data on its epidemiology is from single-center studies. Our aim was to conduct a multicenter study to evaluate the epidemiology of delirium in the ICU. METHODS: A 1-day point-prevalence study was undertaken in 104 ICUs from 11 countries in South and North America and Spain. RESULTS: In total, 975 patients were screened, and 497 fulfilled inclusion criteria and were enrolled (median age, 62 years; 52.5% men; 16.7% and 19.9% for ICU and hospital mortality); 64% were admitted to the ICU because of medical causes, and sepsis was the main diagnosis (n = 76; 15.3%). In total, 265 patients were sedated with the Richmond agitation and sedation scale (RASS) deeper than -3, and only 232 (46.6%) patients could be evaluated with the confusion-assessment method for the ICU. The prevalence of delirium was 32.3%. Compared with patients without delirium, those with the diagnosis of delirium had a greater severity of illness at admission, demonstrated by higher sequential organ-failure assessment (SOFA (P = 0.004)) and simplified acute physiology score 3 (SAPS3) scores (P < 0.0001). Delirium was associated with increased ICU (20% versus 5.7%; P = 0.002) and hospital mortality (24 versus 8.3%; P = 0.0017), and longer ICU (P < 0.0001) and hospital length of stay (LOS) (22 (11 to 40) versus 7 (4 to 18) days; P < 0.0001). Previous use of midazolam (P = 0.009) was more frequent in patients with delirium. On multivariate analysis, delirium was independently associated with increased ICU mortality (OR = 3.14 (1.26 to 7.86); CI, 95%) and hospital mortality (OR = 2.5 (1.1 to 5.7); CI, 95%). CONCLUSIONS: In this 1-day international study, delirium was frequent and associated with increased mortality and ICU LOS. The main modifiable risk factors associated with the diagnosis of delirium were the use of invasive devices and sedatives (midazolam).

Monitoreo neurológico / Neurological monitoring

En este artículo se analizan los distintos elementos disponibles para la monitorización del enfermo neurológico crítico. Se actualizan las indicaciones para el monitoreo de presión intracraneana, presión de perfusión cerebral, flujo sanguíneo cerebral, oximetría cerebral invasiva y no invasiva, doppler transcraneano, electroencefalografía, potenciales evocados, presión tisular de oxígeno y microdiálisis cerebral. Las citas bibliográficas permitirán al lector que lo desee profundizar el tema. (AU)

Monitoreo neurológico / Neurological monitoring

En este artículo se analizan los distintos elementos disponibles para la monitorización del enfermo neurológico crítico. Se actualizan las indicaciones para el monitoreo de presión intracraneana, presión de perfusión cerebral, flujo sanguíneo cerebral, oximetría cerebral invasiva y no invasiva, doppler transcraneano, electroencefalografía, potenciales evocados, presión tisular de oxígeno y microdiálisis cerebral. Las citas bibliográficas permitirán al lector que lo desee profundizar el tema.