ABSTRACT
Postpartum Support International provides training for professionals and supports families who experience perinatal mood and anxiety disorders. The purpose of this article is to describe Postpartum Support International, which was founded in 1987 to increase awareness among public and professional communities about the emotional difficulties women experience during and after pregnancy. We recommend strategies with which health care professionals can support families, reduce stigma, and offer resources for treatment and support.
Subject(s)
Depression, Postpartum/psychology , Depression, Postpartum/therapy , Health Education , Health Personnel/education , Psychosocial Support Systems , Adult , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Anxiety Disorders/therapy , Female , Health Resources/economics , Humans , Internationality , Nurse's Role , Patient Education as Topic/organization & administration , Postpartum Period , Pregnancy , Program Development , Program Evaluation , Social Stigma , United StatesABSTRACT
In this article, we describe an integrated care model in a perinatal psychiatry program to improve access to care for women who experience mood changes during the perinatal period. A nurse-practitioner trained in psychiatry and obstetrics is embedded in the obstetric clinic, and perinatal nurses, often the first professionals to recognize women who are experiencing mood changes, can easily refer women for follow-up. Barriers, lessons learned, and goals for implementation are described.
Subject(s)
Maternal Health , Mental Health , Models, Nursing , Pregnancy Complications/nursing , Prenatal Care/methods , Female , Health Status , Humans , Mothers/psychology , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/psychology , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/psychologyABSTRACT
Perinatal mood and anxiety disorders are among the most common mental health conditions encountered by women of reproductive age. When left untreated, perinatal mood and anxiety disorders can have profound adverse effects on women and their children, ranging from increased risk of poor adherence to medical care, exacerbation of medical conditions, loss of interpersonal and financial resources, smoking and substance use, suicide, and infanticide. Perinatal mood and anxiety disorders are associated with increased risks of maternal and infant mortality and morbidity and are recognized as a significant patient safety issue. In 2015, the Council on Patient Safety in Women's Health Care convened an interdisciplinary work group to develop an evidence-based patient safety bundle to address maternal mental health. The focus of this bundle is perinatal mood and anxiety disorders. The bundle is modeled after other bundles released by the Council on Patient Safety in Women's Health Care and provides broad direction for incorporating perinatal mood and anxiety disorder screening, intervention, referral, and follow-up into maternity care practice across health care settings. This commentary provides information to assist with bundle implementation.
Subject(s)
Anxiety Disorders/therapy , Anxiety/therapy , Depression/therapy , Pregnancy Complications/psychology , Depressive Disorder/therapy , Female , Humans , PregnancyABSTRACT
Perinatal mood and anxiety disorders are among the most common mental health conditions encountered by women of reproductive age. When left untreated, perinatal mood and anxiety disorders can have profound adverse effects on women and their children, ranging from increased risk of poor adherence to medical care, exacerbation of medical conditions, loss of interpersonal and financial resources, smoking and substance use, suicide, and infanticide. Perinatal mood and anxiety disorders are associated with increased risks of maternal and infant mortality and morbidity and are recognized as a significant patient safety issue. In 2015, the Council on Patient Safety in Women's Health Care convened an interdisciplinary workgroup to develop an evidence-based patient safety bundle to address maternal mental health. The focus of this bundle is perinatal mood and anxiety disorders. The bundle is modeled after other bundles released by the Council on Patient Safety in Women's Health Care and provides broad direction for incorporating perinatal mood and anxiety disorder screening, intervention, referral, and follow-up into maternity care practice across health care settings. This commentary provides information to assist with bundle implementation.
Subject(s)
Anxiety/diagnosis , Anxiety/therapy , Depression/diagnosis , Depression/therapy , Obstetrics , Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications/therapy , Anxiety/psychology , Clinical Protocols , Consensus , Continuity of Patient Care , Depression/psychology , Evidence-Based Medicine , Female , Humans , Mass Screening , Medical History Taking , Obstetrics/methods , Obstetrics/organization & administration , Patient Education as Topic , Perinatal Care/standards , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/psychology , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Referral and ConsultationABSTRACT
Perinatal mood and anxiety disorders are among the most common mental health conditions encountered by women of reproductive age. When left untreated, perinatal mood and anxiety disorders can have profound adverse effects on women and their children, ranging from increased risk of poor adherence to medical care, exacerbation of medical conditions, loss of interpersonal and financial resources, smoking and substance use, suicide, and infanticide. Perinatal mood and anxiety disorders are associated with increased risks of maternal and infant mortality and morbidity and are recognized as a significant patient safety issue. In 2015, the Council on Patient Safety in Women's Health Care convened an interdisciplinary workgroup to develop an evidence-based patient safety bundle to address maternal mental health. The focus of this bundle is perinatal mood and anxiety disorders. The bundle is modeled after other bundles released by the Council on Patient Safety in Women's Health Care and provides broad direction for incorporating perinatal mood and anxiety disorder screening, intervention, referral, and follow-up into maternity care practice across health care settings. This commentary provides information to assist with bundle implementation.
Subject(s)
Anxiety , Depression , Maternal Health/standards , Mental Health/standards , Pregnancy Complications , Anxiety/diagnosis , Anxiety/prevention & control , Consensus , Depression/diagnosis , Depression/prevention & control , Evidence-Based Practice/methods , Evidence-Based Practice/organization & administration , Female , Humans , Mass Screening/organization & administration , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications/prevention & control , Pregnancy Complications/psychology , Quality ImprovementABSTRACT
Women experiencing severe perinatal mental illness during pregnancy or postpartum have unique needs when psychiatric hospitalization is indicated. Although many countries have established mother-baby psychiatric units, similar facilities have not been available in the US. In 2011, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill inaugurated the first Perinatal Psychiatry Inpatient Unit in the US. We describe the unique characteristics of the patient population and report clinical outcomes guiding development and refinement of treatment protocols. Ninety-two perinatal patients were admitted between September 2011 and September 2012, and 91 completed self-report measures at admission and discharge. Perinatal unipolar mood disorder was the most frequent primary diagnosis (60.43 %), and 11 patients (12 %) were admitted with psychosis. The data document clinically and statistically significant improvements in symptoms of depression, anxiety, and active suicidal ideation between admission and discharge (p < 0.0001), as assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale. Overall functioning was also improved, demonstrated by a significant mean difference of -10.96 in total scores of the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (p < 0.0001). Data suggest that delivering specialized and targeted interventions for severe maternal mental illness in a safe and supportive setting produces positive patient outcomes.
Subject(s)
Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Mothers/psychology , Perinatal Care , Pregnancy Complications/diagnosis , Adult , Female , Humans , Inpatients/statistics & numerical data , Mental Disorders/psychology , Mental Disorders/therapy , North Carolina , Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/psychology , Pregnancy Complications/therapy , Prospective Studies , Psychiatric Department, Hospital/organization & administration , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Puerperal Disorders/psychology , Severity of Illness Index , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Recent evidence suggests a link between Epstein-Barr virus reactivation and chronic stress due to decreased cellular immune responses. Maternal depression complicates 10% to 20% of pregnancies and is accompanied by stress. We sought to estimate the association of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation with depression in pregnancy. METHODS: In this cohort study, prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation was compared between 100 pregnant women with depression before pregnancy and a computer-generated referent group of 100 healthy women not known to be depressed. We included only those women with documented Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders depression diagnoses in the current pregnancy. Serum samples were analyzed for presence of Epstein-Barr virus viral capsid antigen, nuclear antigen, and early antigen antibodies. Epstein-Barr virus reactivation was defined by presence of viral capsid antigen or nuclear antigen immunoglobulin (Ig) G, along with early antigen IgG, viral capsid antigen IgM, or both early antigen IgG and viral capsid antigen IgM. RESULTS: Maternal demographics were similar between the groups except for older age (34.1 compared with 32.7 years, P=.05), and lower body mass index (27.3 compared with 28.9, P=.03) among the depressed individuals. Ninety-five percent of the women were seropositive for Epstein-Barr virus. Women with depression were more likely to have Epstein-Barr virus reactivation (48% compared with 30%, P=.01) when compared with referent participants. Epstein-Barr virus reactivation remained associated with maternal depression (adjusted odds ratio 1.97, 95% confidence interval 1.10-3.77, P=.03) after controlling for potential confounders. CONCLUSION: Women with depression have higher prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation, possibly due to increased stress. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.
