ABSTRACT
In the present study, we depict the structural modification of test minerals, physiological response and ovarian damage in the tropical sea urchin Salmacis virgulata using microcosm CO2 (Carbon dioxide) perturbation experiment. S. virgulata were exposed to hypercapnic conditions with four different pH levels using CO2 gas bubbling method that reflects ambient level (pH 8.2) and elevated pCO2 scenarios (pH 8.0, 7.8 and 7.6). The variations in physical strength and mechanical properties of S. virgulata test were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and scanned electron microscopy analysis. Biomarker enzymes such as glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, acetylcholine esterase, lipid peroxidase and reduced glutathione showed physiological stress and highly significant (p < 0.01) towards pH 7.6 and 7.8 treatments. Ovarian cells were highly damaged at pH 7.6 and 7.8 treatments. This study proved that the pH level 7.6 and 7.8 drastically affect calcification, physiological response and ovarian cells in S. virgulata.
ABSTRACT
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1107/S2056989019003347.].
ABSTRACT
The title mol-ecular salt, C10H13N2 +·C2H3O2 -·0.5H2O, crystallized with four 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethanaminium cations (A, B, C and D) and four acetate anions in the asymmetric unit, together with two water mol-ecules of crystallization. Each cation is linked to an anion by a C-Hâ¯π inter-action. The alkyl-aminium side chains have folded conformations, with N-C-C-C torsion angles of -58.5â (3), 59.5â (3), -64.6â (3) and -56.0â (3)° for cations A, B, C and D, respectively. In the crystal, the cations and anions are liked by N-Hâ¯O and C-Hâ¯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating along the b-axis direction. The chains are linked by the water mol-ecules via Owater-Hâ¯O and N-Hâ¯Owater hydrogen bonds, forming layers lying parallel to the bc plane. The overall inter-molecular inter-actions were investigated using Hirshfeld surfaces analysis.
