Thiel embalming method used for anatomy dissection as an educational tool in teaching human anatomy, in research, and in training in comparison of different methods for long term preservation.

The use of human cadavers is beneficial in teaching gross human anatomy, training, and development in medicine. Fresh-frozen cadavers initially exhibit natural colour, tenderness, and flexibility. They also present innumerable difficulties, including the requirement of freezers for storage and a few weeks' work time because of fast decay. The risk of infection is also significant. A possible choice for fresh-frozen cadavers is embalmed cadavers. The requested characteristic needed for successful embalming is acceptable long-term structural preservation of organs and tissues with minimal deformity and prevention of outward aspects. Scientists are trying to develop an ideal embalming solution to preserve the human body. Such a solution renders the flexibility of internal organs, preventing dryness, and reducing fungal or bacterial growth. Cadavers should be in a condition comparable to that of an unembalmed cadaver, and the chemicals used in the solution should not be harmful to persons during manipulation. The promising results have been obtained by the use of different embalming techniques by many faculties of medicine as a tool to enhance the teaching of anatomy to students.

EAN consensus statement for management of patients with neurological diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has posed multiple challenges to the practice of clinical neurology including recognition of emerging neurological complications and management of coexistent neurological diseases. In a fast-evolving pandemic, evidence-based studies are lacking in many areas. This paper presents European Academy of Neurology (EAN) expert consensus statements to guide neurologists caring for patients with COVID-19. METHODS: A refined Delphi methodology was applied. In round 1, statements were provided by EAN scientific panels (SPs). In round 2, these statements were circulated to SP members not involved in writing them, asking for agreement/disagreement. Items with agreement >70% were retained for round 3, in which SP co-chairs rated importance on a five-point Likert scale. Results were graded by importance and reported as consensus statements. RESULTS: In round one, 70 statements were provided by 23 SPs. In round two, 259/1061 SP member responses were received. Fifty-nine statements obtained >70% agreement and were retained. In round three, responses were received from 55 co-chairs of 29 SPs. Whilst general recommendations related to prevention of COVID-19 transmission had high levels of agreement and importance, opinion was more varied concerning statements related to therapy. CONCLUSION: This is the first structured consensus statement on good clinical practice in patients with neurological disease during the COVID-19 pandemic that provides immediate guidance for neurologists. In this fast-evolving pandemic, a rapid response using refined Delphi methodology is possible, but guidance may be subject to change as further evidence emerges.

Pitfals in recognition and management of trigeminal neuralgia.

BACKGROUND: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a severe, disabling form of painful cranial neuropathy. Even though TN has a typical clinical picture, diagnosis it is often missed or delayed in clinical practice. In order to investigate the occurrence of diagnostic and therapeutic errors in TN, we studied 102 patients suffering from TN recruited through a multicentric survey. METHODS: We performed a Pubmed database search on errors and pittfalls in TN diagnosis and management. Then, patients with TN were consecutively enrolled in the period from February 2017 to October 2019, by several European Headache Centers participating in the study, following a call of the Headache and Pain Scientific Panels of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN). Diagnosis of Classical Trigeminal Neuralgia (CTN) was made according to the International Headache Society (IHS) criteria (Tölle et al., Pain Pract 6:153-160, 2006). All the patients were evaluated using telephone/frontal interviews conducted by headache/pain specialists using an ad hoc questionnaire. RESULTS: A number of 102 patients were recruited, mostly females (F:M ratio 2.64:1). Eighty-six percent of the patients consulted a physician at the time they experienced the first pain attacks. Specialists consulted before TN diagnosis were: primary care physicians (PCP) (43.1%), dentists (in 30.4%), otorhinolaryngologists (3.9%), neurosurgeons (3.9%), neurologists or headache specialists (14.7%), others (8%). The final diagnosis was made mainly by a neurologist or headache specialist (85.3%), and the mean interval between the disease onset and the diagnosis made by a specialist was 10.8 ± 21.2 months. The "diagnostic delay" was 7.2 ± 12.5 months, and misdiagnoses at first consultation were found in 42.1% of cases. Instrumental and laboratory investigations were carried out in 93.1% of the patients before the final diagnosis of TN. CONCLUSION: While TN has typical features and it is well defined by the available international diagnostic criteria, it is still frequently misdiagnosed and mistreated. There is a need to improve the neurological knowledge in order to promptly recognize the clinical picture of TN and properly adhere to the specific guidelines. This may result in a favorable outcome for patients, whose quality of life is usually severely impaired.

The international European Academy of Neurology survey on neurological symptoms in patients with COVID-19 infection.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although the main clinical features of COVID-19 infection are pulmonary, several associated neurological signs, symptoms and diseases are emerging. The incidence and characteristics of neurological complications are unclear. For this reason, the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) core COVID-19 Task Force initiated a survey on neurological symptoms observed in patients with COVID-19 infection. METHODS: A 17-question online survey was made available on the EAN website and distributed to EAN members and other worldwide physicians starting on 9 April 2020. RESULTS: By 27 April 2020, proper data were collected from 2343 responders (out of 4199), of whom 82.0% were neurologists, mostly from Europe. Most responders (74.7%) consulted patients with COVID-19 mainly in emergency rooms and in COVID-19 units. The majority (67.0%) had evaluated fewer than 10 patients with neurological manifestations of COVID-19 (neuro COVID-19). The most frequently reported neurological findings were headache (61.9%), myalgia (50.4%), anosmia (49.2%), ageusia (39.8%), impaired consciousness (29.3%) and psychomotor agitation (26.7%). Encephalopathy and acute cerebrovascular disorders were reported at 21.0%. Neurological manifestations were generally interpreted as being possibly related to COVID-19; they were most commonly recognized in patients with multiple general symptoms and occurred at any time during infection. CONCLUSION: Neurologists are currently and actively involved in the management of neurological issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic. This survey justifies setting up a prospective registry to better capture the prevalence of patients with neuro COVID-19, neurological disease characteristics and the contribution of neurological manifestations to outcome.

Identification and quantitative analysis of branching networks of the posterior intercostal arteries.

Morphological and anatomical characteristics of the posterior intercostal arteries have revived interest in their branching networks. Collateral supply between intercostal spaces is extensive due to anastomoses, although the data about the quantitative description of the branching networks in the existing literature are rather limited. The presence of collateral network between branches of the posterior intercostal arteries has been studied on forty-three Thiel-embalmed human cadavers. A network-based approach has been used to quantify the measured vascular branching patterns. Connections between branches of the same or adjacent posterior intercostal artery were identified. The non-anastomosing branches coursing in the intercostal spaces were also observed and their abundance was higher in comparison to anastomosing vessels. A quantitative analysis of collateral branching networks has revealed the highest density of vessels located close to the costal angle and most of the anastomosing branches were found between the fourth and tenth intercostal space. Anastomoses within the same posterior intercostal artery were more frequent in higher intercostal spaces, whereas in the lower intercostal spaces more connections were established between neighboring intercostal arteries. Our results indicate that due to abundant collateral contribution the possibility to cause an ischemic injury is rather low unless there is considerable damage to the blood supply of the trunk or surgical complication leading to ischemia or necrosis. Analyzing the proper course of collateral contributions of the posterior intercostal arteries may support further directions regarding the safest place for percutaneous transthoracic interventions, thoracocentesis, and lung biopsy.

Testing for urinary tract colonization before high-dose corticosteroid treatment in acute multiple sclerosis relapses: prospective algorithm validation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To evaluate a dipstick algorithm for urinary tract colonization, prior to high-dose corticosteroid treatment in acute relapses of multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 267 consecutive patients with MS relapses requiring corticosteroid treatment in a hospital-based, ambulatory, acute MS relapse clinic. A total of 18 participants met the exclusion criteria, leaving 249 for analysis. Main outcome measures were urinary dipstick sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and safety of antibiotic co-treatment with high-dose corticosteroids. RESULTS: Significant bacteriuria (≥10(5) colonies ml) rate in this population was 11% (95% CI, 7.1-14.9). Specificity and sensitivity of positive leucocyte esterase or nitrite were 78% and 65%. Negative predictive value of urine dipstick was 96%. No clinical adverse events occurred in the 3% (95% CI, 0.9-5.1) of patients with a false-negative dipstick. Eighteen per cent of patients were unnecessarily treated with antibiotics for 48 h. CONCLUSION: Urinary dipstick testing allows for rapid and safe management of patients suffering from an acute MS relapse. The algorithm is conservative, and future work is needed to reduce the false-positive rate.

The European Board of Neurology Examination--junior neurologists are eager to take the challenge.

BACKGROUND: The Union Européenne des Médecins Spécialistes Section of Neurology (UEMS SEN)/European Board of Neurology (EBN) examination was launched in 2009 to set standards in knowledge and skills for the next generation of European neurologists. METHODS: Stimulated by the low participation at the first examination, we conducted a survey amongst 76 junior colleagues to assess awareness, motivation and obstacles regarding this examination. RESULTS: Remarkably, junior neurologists indicated great interest in the examination and motivation to spend additional preparation time (up to 6months) with the aim to catch up with European standards and improve the care of patients. However, there are major issues, which detain our colleagues from taking the examination including the amount of the examination fee, the potential lack of language abilities and the varying usage of the recommended books for preparation. CONCLUSIONS: This survey highlights the positive attitude of junior neurologists regarding initiatives to improve clinical skills and knowledge. Moreover, this study delineated several factors, which may be considered in the future to increase participation and substantiate the significance of the examination.

Mini-Mental State Examination: standardization and validation for the elderly Slovenian population.

For more than two decades Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) has been adapted to the Slovenian language as 'Kratek preizkus spoznavnih sposobnosti' (KPSS). In this study, we evaluated the influences of age and education on the KPSS score, looking for the cut-off point with the optimal ratio of sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) to support the use of the KPSS as a screening tool. During the years 2000-03 we examined 258 Slovenian volunteers. Volunteers were divided in two groups based on clinical criteria. A total of 189 were healthy, aged from 45 to 96 years, 69 were demented patients aged from 46 to 91 years, of both sexes, all different levels of education and different degrees of dementia. Median value, SE, SP, positive predictive power and negative predictive power were calculated at cut-off points 23/24, 24/25, 25/26 and 26/27. Younger age and higher education (at least 10 years of education) were each associated with higher KPSS scores. The Slovenian modification of the MMSE demonstrates an optimal cut-off score at 25/26 points for screening dementia in the Slovenian population, due to the best SP (75%)/SE (73%) ratio. The cut-off level 26/27 is recommended for screening highly educated persons.

[Clinical experiences with the serum digitalis concentration. 1006 radioimmunological determinations]. / Klinische Erfahrungen mit der Serum-Digitaliskonzentration. 1006 radioimmunologische Bestimmungen.

Serum digitalis concentration was measured radioimmunologically on 1006 patients in the period from 1974-1976. The serum levels were correlated with the clinical signs of digitalis toxicity and the indications for determination of the serum digoxin concentration were established. Clinical signs of toxicity appear at a serum level of digoxin above 2.5 ng/ml. Therapeutic limits (range) are most influenced by individual factors. Serum digoxin determination is especially necessary in patients with renal failure and in undisciplined patients with erratic digitalis intake. It is a useful aid in controlling the course of digitalis intoxication, in "low dosage" digitalization and in the case of possible drug interactions.