ABSTRACT
Photoproteins, luminescent proteins or optoproteins are a kind of light-response protein responsible for the conversion of light into biochemical energy that is used by some bacteria or fungi to regulate specific biological processes. Within these specific proteins, there are groups such as the photoreceptors that respond to a given light wavelength and generate reactions susceptible to being used for the development of high-novel applications, such as the optocontrol of metabolic pathways. Photoswitchable proteins play important roles during the development of new materials due to their capacity to change their conformational structure by providing/eliminating a specific light stimulus. Additionally, there are bioluminescent proteins that produce light during a heatless chemical reaction and are useful to be employed as biomarkers in several fields such as imaging, cell biology, disease tracking and pollutant detection. The classification of these optoproteins from bacteria and fungi as photoreceptors or photoresponse elements according to the excitation-emission spectrum (UV-Vis-IR), as well as their potential use in novel applications, is addressed in this article by providing a structured scheme for this broad area of knowledge.
Subject(s)
Bacteria , Luminescent Proteins/metabolism , Bacteria/metabolismABSTRACT
Introducción La cirugía endoscópica de columna ha demostrado ser una opción en el tratamiento de hernias discal y estenosis foraminal. El abordaje más empleado es la vía transforaminal, sin embargo, este abordaje es limitado en casos de hernias discales centrales extruidas y migradas. El abordaje interlaminar completamente endoscópico ha permitido el tratamiento sintomático de hernias discales centrales extruidas y migradas en el nivel L5 S1, además es una novedosa alternativa para la resolución de las dificultades técnicas relacionadas con el abordaje posterolateral en éste nivel. El propósito del estudio es reportar los resultados obtenidos con el abordaje endoscópica interlaminar en el tratamiento de hernias discales centrales extruidas y migradas en dos años de seguimiento. Materiales y métodos Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo observacional descriptivo con las historias de pacientes que presentaron sintomatología radicular secundaria a hernia discal central en el nivel L5 S1 y que fueron tratados con cirugía por abordaje interlaminar completamente endoscópico. Se evaluaron los índices de escala visual análoga (EVA) pre y posoperatorio, el criterio Oswestry ODI y el criterio MacNab. Resultados Entre los años 2008 y 2015 se realizaron un total de 99 procedimientos en el mismo número de pacientes. Todos fueron sometidos a una técnica quirúrgica estándar bajo anestesia local y sedación. La EVA tuvo una reducción de 5,81 puntos. El ODI bajó 45,63%. Y el 88% de los pacientes tuvo una completa satisfacción frente al tratamiento. Discusión Los resultados obtenidos en esta muestra permiten considerar la fragmentectomía interlaminar endoscópica bajo anestesia local y sedación como un procedimiento seguro, preciso y efectivo en la resolución del dolor secundario a hernias discales centrales extruidas y migradas en el nivel L5 S1 que cursan con radiculopatía. El uso de anestesia local y sedación como única alternativa analgésica puede no ser la mejor opción en este tipo de técnicas Nivel de evidencia IV
Background Endoscopic spine surgery has shown to be an option for disc hernias and foraminal stenosis. Although the most used approach is transforaminal, this approach is limited in cases of extruded and migrated central hernias. The full-endoscopic interlaminar approach has led to the treatment of the lumbar pain secondary to extruded and migrated central herniated discs at L5 - S1, and is an alternative for resolving technical difficulties related to the transforaminal approach at this level. The aim of this article is to report the results obtained with a full-endoscopic interlaminar approach for the treatment of central extruded and migrated herniated discs, with a two-year follow-up. Methods A descriptive observational retrospective study was conducted using the records of patients who had a radiculopathy secondary to a central herniated disc at level L5 - S1, and who were treated with a full-endoscopic interlaminar approach. An evaluation was made of the pre-operative and post-operative visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, Oswestry ODI criteria, and MacNab criteria. Results A total of 99 procedures were performed in the same number of patients between 2008 and 2015. All were treated with a standard surgical technique and under local anaesthesia and sedation. The visual analogue score showed a reduction of 5.81 points. The ODI was down 45.63%, and 88% of the patients were completely satisfied with the treatment. Discussion The results lead us to consider that full-endoscopic interlaminar fragmentectomy under local anaesthesia and sedation is a safe, accurate, and effective procedure for the treatment of radiculopathy related to L5 - S1 extruded and migrated central hernia. Use of local anaesthesia and sedation as the only analgesic alternative may not be the best option in this type of technique. Evidence Level IV
Subject(s)
Humans , Transanal Endoscopic Surgery , Spine , Low Back PainABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To report the experience of minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) training course in different languages and specialties for Latin American spine surgeons, and on their level of satisfaction with the curriculum. METHODS: A total of 29 hands-on training workshops were conducted over a period of 6 years, on using a MISS technique for degenerative disk disease. The participants completed two questionnaires aimed at evaluating the activities including the methodology, objectives, suitability of facilities, and instruments provided, as well as general satisfaction. Statistical analysis was performed using R 3.1.1 for Windows. Demographic and descriptive statistics were employed. RESULTS: A total of 366 specialists took part and included neurosurgeons, orthopaedists, and anaesthesiologists. The questionnaire was answered by 249 medical doctors from 12 Latin American countries, 98% of which professed to be satisfied with the training activity. CONCLUSIONS: The use of educational tools, such as surgical simulators contributes to the new learning process techniques and adds confidence to the surgeons. The implementation of workshops conducted using strict planning leads to a high level of satisfaction among the participants, thus minimizing the differences between specialties or languages
OBJETIVO: Presentar la experiencia lograda en el entrenamiento en técnicas mínimamente invasivas de columna para cirujanos de toda Latinoamérica con diferentes especialidades e idiomas, y reportar el grado de satisfacción con el currículo implementado. MÉTODOS: Se realizaron un total de 29 entrenamientos durante 6 años en una técnica mínimamente invasiva de columna para el tratamiento de discopatía degenerativa. Los participantes respondieron 2 encuestas con el fin de evaluar el contenido curricular general de la actividad de entrenamiento. Se analizaron las encuestas empleando el programa R 3.1.1 para Windows. RESULTADOS: Un total de 366 especialistas realizaron el entrenamiento. Las especialidades entre los participantes fueron: neurocirujanos, ortopedas y anestesiólogos. Las encuestas fueron contestadas por un total de 249 médicos de 12 países de América Latina. El 98% de los encuestados avaló el modelo educativo y el currículo en general. CONCLUSIONES: El uso de herramientas educativas, como la simulación quirúrgica, contribuye a los procesos de entrenamiento de nuevas técnicas quirúrgicas y permite a los cirujanos lograr confianza para el momento en que tengan que realizarlas. La implementación de talleres de entrenamiento conducidos bajo un plan curricular permite un alto grado de satisfacción en los participantes, y minimiza las diferencias entre especialidades e idiomas
