The effects of female age on blood-feeding, insemination, sperm storage, and fertility in the dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Mating induces behavioral and physiological changes in female insects-collectively referred to as the female post-mating response (PMR)-that facilitate the production of progeny. PMRs are elicited by transfer of male-derived seminal components during mating, but are altered by other factors, including adult age. Increased female age is often accompanied by declines in fertility. However, mating shortly after emergence also impacts fertility in the insect model Drosophila melanogaster. Here, we determined the age post-emergence when females of the vector mosquito Aedes aegypti can be inseminated and blood-feed. We next examined fecundity, fertility, and the storage of sperm in the female reproductive tract in "young" (30-41 hours-old) and "old" (2- and 3-week-old) females, finding that blood-feeding began at 14 hours, and mating at ∼24 hours post-emergence. Although young females consumed smaller blood quantities and stored fewer sperm, they were similarly fertile to 4-day-old controls. Old females, however, suffered significant declines in fecundity by 2 weeks of age. Our results show that female Ae. aegypti start to become sexually receptive 1 day after their emergence, but can ingest blood much sooner, suggesting that mating is not a prerequisite to blood-feeding, and that females can ingest an arbovirus infected blood-meal shortly after emergence.

wMel Wolbachia alters female post-mating behaviors and physiology in the dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti.

Globally invasive Aedes aegypti disseminate numerous arboviruses that impact human health. One promising method to control Ae. aegypti populations is transinfection with Wolbachia pipientis, which naturally infects ~40-52% of insects but not Ae. aegypti. Transinfection of Ae. aegypti with the wMel Wolbachia strain induces cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), allows infected individuals to invade native populations, and inhibits transmission of medically relevant arboviruses by females. Female insects undergo post-mating physiological and behavioral changes-referred to as the female post-mating response (PMR)-required for optimal fertility. PMRs are typically elicited by male seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) transferred with sperm during mating but can be modified by other factors, including microbiome composition. Wolbachia has modest effects on Ae. aegypti fertility, but its influence on other PMRs is unknown. Here, we show that Wolbachia influences female fecundity, fertility, and re-mating incidence and significantly extends the longevity of virgin females. Using proteomic methods to examine the seminal proteome of infected males, we found that Wolbachia moderately affects SFP composition. However, we identified 125 paternally transferred Wolbachia proteins, but the CI factor proteins (Cifs) were not among them. Our findings indicate that Wolbachia infection of Ae. aegypti alters female PMRs, potentially influencing control programs that utilize Wolbachia-infected individuals.

Spatial and temporal population dynamics of male and female Aedes albopictus at a local scale in Medellín, Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Diseases transmitted by invasive Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are public health issues in the tropics and subtropics. Understanding the ecology of mosquito vectors is essential for the development of effective disease mitigation programs and will allow for accurate predictions of vector occurrence and abundance. Studies that examine mosquito population dynamics are typically focused on female presence or total adult captures without discriminating the temporal and spatial distribution of both sexes. METHODS: We collected immature and adult mosquitoes bimonthly for 2 years (2018-2019) in the Medellín Botanical Garden. Collection sites differed in proximity to buildings and nearby vegetation, and were classified by their overhead vegetation cover. We used linear mixed models (LMMs) and Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices (SADIE) to assess the spatial distribution of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Using our Ae. albopictus captures exclusively, we assessed (1) the spatial and temporal distribution of males and females using SADIE and a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM), (2) the relationship between climatic variables/vegetation coverage and adult captures using GLMMs and LMMs, and (3) the correlation of male and female size in relation to climatic variables and vegetation coverage using LMMs. RESULTS: Spatial analysis showed that Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were distributed at different locations within the surveilled area. However, Ae. albopictus was the predominant species in the park during the study period. Adult Ae. albopictus captures were positively correlated with precipitation and relative humidity, and inversely correlated with temperature and wind speed. Moreover, we observed a spatial misalignment of Ae. albopictus males and females-the majority of males were located in the high vegetation coverage sites, while females were more evenly distributed. We observed significant associations of the size of our adult Ae. albopictus captures with precipitation, temperature, and wind speed for both sexes and found that overhead vegetation cover influenced male size, but observed no effect on female size. CONCLUSIONS: Our work elucidates the differential dynamics of Ae. albopictus males and females, which is pivotal to develop accurate surveillance and the successful establishment of vector control programs based on the disruption of insect reproduction.

Male sexual history influences female fertility and re-mating incidence in the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of several arboviruses that impact human health including the dengue, Zika, and yellow fever viruses. The potential of Ae. aegypti females to transmit viruses is enhanced by mating-induced behavioral and physiological changes that increase female host-seeking behaviors, blood-feeding frequency and longevity. The mating-induced changes are due to female receipt of male seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) during copulation. SFPs also inhibit female re-mating-re-mating incidence is significantly reduced in the initial hours after mating and nearly absent after 24 h. Males, however, are not limited in the number of females they can inseminate and are able to mate with multiple females in succession. As successive mating depletes SFPs, we examined parameters of fertility and re-mating incidence in females after mating with recently mated males. Males of two Ae. aegypti strains (Colombian and Thai) were mated five consecutive times and fecundity, resulting larvae and hatch percentage in each female of the mating sequence was assessed. In both strains, we found that males can mate three times in succession without impacting fertility in their mates. However, significant declines in fecundity, resulting larvae, and hatch percentage were observed after a third mating. Male size influenced female fecundity and fertility as mates of small males showed further reductions compared to mates of big males after mating consecutively. Seven days after the consecutive mating assays, the re-mating rate of females mated fifth in succession was significantly increased (Colombian strain: 33%; Thai strain: 48%) compared to females mated first (0% in both strains). Re-mating incidence was further increased in small, Thai strain males where 82% of fifth mated females re-mated compared to 0% of first mated females. Finally, we show that regardless of male size, mates of experimental males were similarly fertile to mates of control males when mated for a sixth time 48 h after the consecutive mating assays, showing that males recover fertility after 2 d. Our results show that male sexual history influences fertility and re-mating incidence of Ae. aegypti females.

[Intrauterine synechiae after use of monopolar resectoscope]. / Sinequias intrauterinas postaplicación de un resectoscopio con energía eléctrica monopolar.

BACKGROUND: Uterine synechiae are defined as abnormal adhesions and fibrosis within the uterine cavity due to direct trauma or injury to the basal membrane of the endometrium. OBJECTIVE: To identify, by routine hysteroscopy, how many patients who were treated because of intrauterine pathology developed uterine synechiae within the first six months after treatment with monopolar resectoscope. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive, open, observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study was performed at Hysteroscopy Unit, Gynecology Service of General Hospital Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Mexico City. From January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2011, we took, from the record books of the operating rooms, the file number of those patients who were treated with monopolar resectoscopy, and subsequently underwent routine hysteroscopy within the first six months. RESULTS: 69 records were included in the study. The main diagnoses were: endometrial polyp in 48% (n=33), submucosal myoma in 45% (n=3 1); 48% (n=33) polypectomy and 45% (n=31) myomectomy. Within the first six months after the main procedure, patients underwent a routine hysteroscopy, which revealed the development of intrauterine synechiae in 5.8% (n=4) of the patients. Of the patients who underwent myomectomy, 5.8% (n=4) developed uterine synechiae; while those patients who underwent polypectomy, synechiaes were not found. Minimal synechiaes were found in 4.3% (n=3) of patients, moderate synechiaes were found in 1.4% (n=1) of patients, and severe synechiaes were found in none patient. CONCLUSION: Uterine synechiaes were found in 5.8% of patients with intrauterine pathology and treated with monopolar resectoscopy. Minimal to moderate synechia occur more commonly after myomectomy.

Diagnóstico prenatal de cierre prematuro del foramen oval e hidrops fetal / Prenatal diagnosis of foramen ovale premature closure and hydrops fetalis

A case of premature closure of foramen ovale (PCFO) is presented. The patient was sent to the Fetal Maternal Unit after 30 weeks of gestation due to hydrops fetalis. A Doppler ultrasound performed after 34 weeks of gestation showed no interatrial flow and led to the confirmation of PCFO, associated to pleural effusion and ascitis. No evidence of hydrops, pleural effusion, ascitis, cardiac failure, cardiac defects nor chromosomal abnormalities were present in the newborn baby. Since prenatal diagnosis of PCFO is a life threatening condition, detection improves fetal and neonatal life expectancy (AU)

Se reporta el cierre prematuro de foramen oval (CPFO) en un embarazo de 30 semanas de gestación, enviado con hidrops fetal a Unidad de Medicina Materno Fetal. A las 34 semanas se evaluó con Ultrasonido Doppler y se observó falta de flujo entre aurículas, confirmando el CPFO, presencia de derrame pleural y ascitis. Después del nacimiento, al neonato se le descartó la presencia de hidrops, derrame o ascitis, insuficiencia cardiaca, defectos cardiacos o cromosomopatía, y egresó sano. El CPFO pone en riesgo la vida. Cuando es detectado prenatalmente mejora la expectativa de vida fetal y neonatal (AU)

[Impact of perinatal mortality in multiple pregnancies over total perinatal mortality in a hospital in Monterrey, Nuevo León]. / Repercusión de la mortalidad perinatal de los embarazos múltiples en la mortalidad perinatal total en un hospital de Monterrey, Nuevo León.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of multiple pregnancies has increased on the last decade resulting in a rise of premature and underweight newborns infants, with increase of the perinatal morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of perinatal mortality of multiple pregnancies in the total perinatal mortality. PATIENTS AND METHOD: perinatal mortality rate of multiple pregnancies treated in the Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad No. 23, Monterrey, Nuevo León (Mexico) were analized, from 2002 to 2008. The prevalence of multiple pregnancies, the rate of premature births, the incidence of low-birth weight products and perinatal mortality was estimated. The difference between overall mortality and multiple pregnancy rate was measured by chi2. RESULTS: Of the 144,114 births, there were 1076 (0.8%) fetal deaths and 1,617 (1.10%) neonatal deaths. There were 110 high-order fetal pregnancies (more than three fetuses): 92 triplets, 14 quadruplets, 3 quintuplets and 1 sextuplet, producing a total of 353 newborns. Multiple pregnancies represent 2.8% (59/2093) of the total perinatal mortality (p = 0.3). 79.9% (1674/2093) of the total perinatal mortality were newborns weighing less than 2500 g. In the group of multiple pregnancies, all perinatal deaths occurred in products weighing less than 2500 g. CONCLUSIONS: The perinatal mortality of multiple pregnancies does not impact significantly overall perinatal mortality.

[Prenatal diagnosis ovarian cyst with an amputation at three months of age. A case report]. / Diagnóstico prenatal de quiste de ovario con torsión y amputación a los tres meses de edad. Reporte de un caso.

UNLABELLED: In the neonate the pelvic masses regularly are usually benign until in 87%, those of ovarian origin most is of cystic and benign origin. CLINIC CASE: Of a pregnant of 26 years of age, primigesta, was detected to the fetus during the 24 weeks of gestation an abdominal cyst in pelvic hole of 3.5 diameter cm, non motive. The pregnancy culminated for caesarean operation, feminine product was obtained with weight when being born 3.400 kg. They were practiced 3 ultrasounds: when being born, to the month and two months of age, finding ovary cyst with the same characteristics. To the 3 months it is observed in 4th control ultrasound that the cystic image was no longer in pelvic hole, but it liberates in abdominal cavity for what decides to make exploratory laparotomy, where is a cyst of free amputated ovary in abdominal cavity of 3.5 x 4 diameter cm. The pathology results reported an ovary with necrosis areas and content cystic saculado.

[Prenatal diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis and immediate neonal valvuloplasty]. / Diagnóstico prenatal de estenosis pulmonar grave y valvuloplastia neonatal inmediata. Reporte de un caso.

UNLABELLED: There are few reports of prenatal diagnosis of severe pulmonary valvar stenosis (PVS). It affects 1/22,000 newborn and represents 8-10% of total congenital cardiac defects. Clinic CASE: we report a case of a neonate in which was prenatally detected a pulmonary valvar stenosis and was successfully corrected with early valvuloplasty. From a 36-Year-old woman sent to evaluation to the fetal maternal unit because a tricuspid valvar insufficiency detected at 36 gestation weeks (GW). A VPS was suspected before born and a pregnancy ended in programated caesarean delivery at 38 GW, obtaining a 3 kg male, in which early echocardiography reported a severe PVS, promptly was initiated prostaglandin E1 (PgE1) infusion avoiding patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure, following a percutaneus balloon dilatation valvuloplasty at 48 hours, improving cyanosis and transvalvular Doppler flow. CONCLUSION: we report a neonate referred with an opportune prenatal diagnosis of tricuspid insufficiency and confirmed a severe PVS, PgE1 was infused immediately after born, allowing successfully balloon dilatation valvuloplasty in first 48 hours.

[Prenatal diagnosis of polycystic kidneys and Mullerian duplication. A case report]. / Diagnóstico prenatal de riñones poliquísticos y duplicación mulleriana. Reporte de un caso.

Polycystic kidney disease is a common genetic cause of chronic kidney disease, characterized by the formation of multiple cysts in the kidneys and other organs, occurs in 1 in 20,000 live births. 30 to 50% of affected newborns die shortly after birth because of respiratory and renal insufficiency. This study reports the case of a newborn with polycystic kidney disease diagnosed by obstetric ultrasound at 26 weeks of gestation and kidneys anhidramnios due to increased volume and appearance "in sponge." Neonato a primigravida 19 years of age. At 26 weeks you will be detected in a routine obstetric evaluation that measures were in line for somatométricas fetal gestational age, and anhidramnios increase in renal mass and bilateral thorax narrow. The pregnancy ended in a cesarean section at 37 weeks with a newborn of 3140 g, women who died within minutes after birth. We requested an autopsy because of the need for genetic counseling. The findings were: enlarged kidneys with microcystic dilatation of collecting duct and in the renal cortex and medulla, liver fibrosis and Müllerian duplication with double uterine cavity. It is a rare association between polycystic kidney disease and Müllerian duplication, liver fibrosis confirmed by autopsy and has not been documented previously.

[Oedematous ovarian fibroma with extensive cystic degeneration. A case report and literature review]. / Fibroma edematoso de ovario con extensa degeneración quística. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la bibliografía.

We have a patient with 34-years-old. Who's come to the gynecological emergency room, in the general hospital, Dr. Manuel Gea González, because she has colic abdominal pain with increasing intensity. The evolution was to develop acute abdominal pain. The location pain was in the inferior abdomen, predominantly in the left iliac foci, with nausea, no vomit and pondered lose, 4 kg in two months. This is associated with changes in the defecator pattern with tendencies to difficult evacuated. By other side she have irregular menstrual period. Rhythm 15 x 2 in the last two years. And we can touch a large tumoration 13 cm in diameter with regular borders, fixed to the uterus apparently, but no to profounder planes. The tumor is lateralized to the right and she has pain with mobilization, low transvaginal hemorrhage, no fetid and finally the patient developed an acute abdominal pain.

Factores asociados a la hemorragia periventricular e intraventricular en neonatos prematuros con peso menor de 1.500 gramos / The periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants below 1.500 g

Objetivo. Conocer los factores de riesgo de hemorragia periventricular e intraventricular que permitan adoptar medidas para su prevención. Material y métodos. Se estudiaron 62 recién nacidos con menos de 35 semanas de gestación y peso menor que 1,500, que fueron divididos en dos grupos: a) Sin hemorragia intraventricular; y b) con hemorragia intraventricular. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad materna, número de embarazos, uso de esteroides en la etapa prenatal, edad de gestación, peso, vía de nacimiento, uso de surfactante, presencia de neumotórax y persistencia del conducto arterioso. Resultados. Treinta y cinco niños presentaron hemorragia y 27 no. En las variables maternas se encontró diferencia significativa en cuanto al uso de esteroides prenatales, siendo mayor en el grupo sin HPV/HIV (p < 0.05). En cuanto al peso al nacer fue significativamente mayor en el grupo sin HPV/HIV (p < 0.05), así como la edad gestacional (p < 0.001), además de encontrarse en este grupo un mayor número de pacientes sin ventilar (p < 0.05). En la morbilidad neonatal se presentó con mayor frecuencia neumotórax y displasia broncopulmonar en el grupo con HPV/HIV (p < 0.05 y < 0.001 respectivamente). Conclusión. El uso de esteroides en la etapa prenatal y el manejo especializado del neonato en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales, además de una adecuada terapia ventilatoria, siguen siendo parte funcional en el manejo de este tipo de pacientes

Administración de eritropoyetina recombinante humana: experiencia en quintillizos / Administration of recombinant human erythropoietin: experience in quintuplets

Objetivo: Presentar la experiencia de la administración de la eritropoyetina recombinante humana (EPOrHu) en un grupo de quintillizos. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo en cinco prematuros de 28 semanas de edad gestacional, con peso promedio al nacimiento de 1,075 gramos (00-1,250 gramos), que se encontraban estables con hematócrito central de 35 por ciento. A la tercera semana de vida posnatal se les aplicó EPOrHu a dosis inicial de 600 U/Kg/semana en tres dosis por vía subcutánea, incrementándose a 750 U/Kg/semana. Se les administró polivitaminas y también hierro a dosis de 3 mg/Kg día que se incrementó hasta 8 mg/kg día. Las variables estuadiadas fueron: peso, talla, perímetro cefálico, hematócrito central, reticulocitos, plaquetas, neutrófilos, ferritina sérica e hipocromía de glóbulos rojos. Resultados: A dosis de 750 U/Kg/semana se incrementó la cuenta absoluta de reticulocitos, las plaquetas y los neutrófilos se mantuvieron en cifras normales; los niveles de ferritina descendieron y el porcentaje de hipocromía aumentó. No se requirieron hemotransfusiones durante el estudio ni en edad posterior, el crecimiento siguió curvas normales sin presentarse efectos colaterales atribuibles a tratamiento. Conclusión: Consideramos que la EPOrHu es una medida terapéutica complementaria útil en la anemia del prematuro, quedando algunas interrogantes por resolver

Morbimortalidad de gemelos ingresados a una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales / Morbimortality of twins attended in a neonatal intensive care unit

Se presentan los resultados de un estudio retrospectivo realizado en un hospital privado en un periodo de 18 meses (1991-1992) para conocer la morbimortalidad de todos los gemelos ingresados a la Unidad de Cuidados intensivos Neonatales, siendo 20 pares de gemelos los cuales se dividieron para su estudio en el grupo A formado por el primer gemelo y B del segundo gemelo, confrontándose algunas variables. La edad promedio de las madres fue de 29 ñ 3 años; el 55 por ciento tuvieron ruptura prematura de membranas, el 90 por ciento nacieron por cesárea. La edad gestacional fue de 34.5 ñ 3.2 semanas versus (vs) 33.6 ñ 4.2 semanas (NS); peso 1955 ñ 503 g vs 1843 ñ 615 g (NS); hubo más hipotróficos en el grupo B necesitaron más frecuentemente ventilación mecánica intermitente que el grupo A (n=7 vs n=1), P < 0.05, debido a mayor incidencia de enfermedad de membrana hialina (P < 0.05). Hubo más casos de sepsis intrahospitalaria en el grupo B que en el grupo A ocasionando estancia hospitalaria más prolongada: 12 ñ 3.2 días vs 21 ñ 4.2 días (P < 0.05). Concluímos que la morbimortalidad aumentada de los gemelos es producida en la mayor parte por el segundo gemelo como lo demuestran nuestros resultados. Gemelos; morbimortalidad; mortalidad