ABSTRACT
Limonoids found to be chemotaxonomic markers from the plants of the Meliaceae and Rutaceae families. In the present study, rapid identification of limonoids from Cipadessa baccifera and Xylocarpus granatum were achieved using fast and simple electrospray ionization quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-ToF-MS/MS) in positive-ion mode. Although the structures of these compounds were found to be similar, Collision Induced Dissociation (CID) mass spectrometric analysis of these protonated/sodiated molecules indicated different fragmentation patterns by which the structures were confirmed. The fragment ions were formed due to the loss of neutral components like H2O, CO2, methanol, as well as McLafferty rearrangement and Retro-ene reaction. Furthermore, MS/MS spectra revealed different fragmentation pathways for different classes of limonoids which further aided dereplication.
Subject(s)
Limonins/chemistry , Meliaceae/chemistry , Ions/chemistry , Rutaceae/chemistry , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methodsABSTRACT
Oxidative stress is believed to contribute to neuronal damage induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possible cerebroprotective and antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Eclipta alba against global cerebral ischemia in the rat. Adult Wistar albino rats were treated with extract of Eclipta alba (250 and 500mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 10 days. The global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced by occluding bilateral common carotid arteries (BCCA) for 30min, followed by 4h reperfusion. Quercetin (20mg/kg, i.p.) was used for the reference compound. After that, animals were sacrificed by decapitation, brain was removed, various biochemical estimations, cerebral edema, assessment of cerebral infarct size, and histopathological examinations were carried out. BCCA caused significant depletion in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), glutahione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione ruductase (GR) and significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) in brain. Pretreatment with hydroalcoholic extract of Eclipta alba significantly reversed the levels of biochemical parameters and significantly reduced the edema and cerebral infarct size as compared to the ischemic control group. Eclipta alba at higher dose markedly reduced ischemia-induced neuronal loss of the brain. Reduction of cerebral edema, an early symptom of ischemia, is one of the most important remedies for reducing subsequent chronic neural damage in stroke. The results of the study show that Eclipta alba pretreatment ameliorates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and enhances the antioxidant defense against BCCA occlusion induced I/R in rats; so it exhibits cerebroprotective property. HPLC fingerprint of hydroalcoholic extract of Eclipta alba was performed for conforming the coumestan present in the plant extract.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Brain Ischemia/drug therapy , Eclipta , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control , Animals , Antioxidants/metabolism , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Brain/drug effects , Brain/metabolism , Brain/pathology , Brain Edema/etiology , Brain Edema/prevention & control , Brain Ischemia/metabolism , Cerebral Infarction/etiology , Cerebral Infarction/metabolism , Cerebral Infarction/prevention & control , Coronary Occlusion , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Male , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Quercetin/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Reperfusion Injury/metabolism , Stroke/complications , Stroke/drug therapy , Stroke/metabolismABSTRACT
The present study was to investigate the effect of W. calendulacea on ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury. Cerebral ischemia was induced by occluding right and left common carotid arteries (global cerebral ischemia) for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 1 h and 4 h individually. Various biochemical alterations, produced subsequent to the application of bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) followed by reperfusion viz. increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), level in the brain tissue, Western blot analysis (Cu-Zn-SOD and CAT) and assessment of cerebral infarct size were measured. All those enzymes are markedly reversed and restored to near normal level in the groups pretreated with W. calendulacea (250 and 500 mg/kg given orally in single and double dose/day for 10 days) in dose-dependent way. The effect of W. calendulacea had increased significantly the protein expression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn-SOD) and CAT in cerebral ischemia. W. claendulacea was markedly decrease cerebral infarct damages but results are not statistically significant. It can be concluded that W. calendulacea possesses a neuroprotective activity against cerebral ischemia in rat.
