Decoding the effect of photoperiodic cues in transducing kisspeptin-melatonin circuit during the pubertal onset in common carp.

This study unravels the intricate interplay between photoperiod, melatonin, and kisspeptin to orchestrate the pubertal onset of Common carp. Female fingerlings exposed to long days (LD) exhibited a hormonal crescendo, with upregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis genes (kiss1, kiss1r, kiss2, gnrh2, gnrh3) and their downstream targets (lhr, fshr, ar1, esr1). However, the expression of the melatonin receptor (mtnr1a) diminished in LD, suggesting a potential inhibitory role. This hormonal symphony was further amplified by increased activity of key transcriptional regulators (gata1, gata2, cdx1, sp1, n-myc, hoxc8, plc, tac3, tacr3) and decreased expression of delayed puberty genes (mkrn1, dlk1). In contrast, short days (SD) muted this hormonal chorus, with decreased gnrh gene and regulator expression, elevated mtnr1a, and suppressed gonadal development. In in-vitro, estradiol mimicked the LD effect, boosting gnrh and regulator genes while dampening mtnr1a and melatonin-responsive genes. Conversely, melatonin acted as a conductor, downregulating gnrh and regulator genes and amplifying mtnr1a. Our findings illuminate the crucial roles of melatonin and kisspeptin as opposing forces in regulating pubertal timing. LD-induced melatonin suppression allows the kisspeptin symphony to flourish, triggering GnRH release and, ultimately, gonadal maturation. This delicate dance between photoperiod, melatonin, and kisspeptin orchestrates common carp's transition from juvenile to reproductive life.

Repurposing Pitavastatin and L-Glutamine: Replenishing ß-Cells in Hyperlipidemic Type 2 Diabetes Mouse Model.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with obesity and declining ß-cells. L-glutamine has been implicated in the amelioration of T2D by virtue of its incretin secretagogue property while, there are mixed reports on pitavastatin's adiponectin potentiating ability. We aimed to investigate the effect of pitavastatin (P), L-glutamine (LG), and combination (P + LG) on glycemic control and ß-cell regeneration in a high-fat diet (HFD) + streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2D mouse model. C57BL6/J mice treated with HFD + STZ were divided into four groups: diabetes control (HFD + STZ), P, LG, and P + LG, while the control group (NCD) was fed with the normal-chow diet. Significant amelioration was observed in the combination therapy as compared to monotherapies in respect of (i) insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, lipid profile, adiponectin levels, and mitochondrial complexes I, II, and III activities, (ii) reduced phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glucose 6-phophatase, glycogen phosphorylase, and GLUT2 transcript levels with increased glycogen content in the liver, (iii) restoration of insulin receptor 1ß, pAkt/Akt, and AdipoR1 protein levels in skeletal muscle, and (iv) significant increase in islet number due to ß-cell regeneration and reduced ß-cell death. L-glutamine and pitavastatin in combination can ameliorate T2D by inducing ß-cell regeneration and regulating glucose homeostasis.

Calorie restriction potentiates the therapeutic potential of GABA in managing type 2 diabetes in a mouse model.

Dysfunctional adipocytes/ß-cells advance type 2 diabetes (T2D). Calorie restriction (CR) improves insulin sensitivity and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, while γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) exerts regenerative effects. The impact of therapies was assessed by a high-fat diet (HFD) + streptozotocin (STZ) induced T2D mouse model. The mice were fed a CR diet (30% reduction of HFD) and treated with GABA (2.5 mg/kg i.p) for 5 weeks. Standard protocols were used to assess metabolic parameters. The mRNA expression was monitored by SYBR Green-qPCR in the targeted tissues. Oxygen consumption rate in the mitochondrial complexes was evaluated by oxytherm clark-type oxygen electrode. Pancreatic ß-cell regeneration and apoptosis were analysed by immunohistochemistry. CR + GABA combination therapy showed improved metabolic parameters compared to the monotherapies. We have observed improved transcript levels of G6Pase, PEPCK, Glycogen Phosphorylase, GLUT2 and GCK in liver; ACC and ATGL in adipose tissue. Also increased SIRT-1, PGC-1α and TFAM expression; up-regulated mitochondrial complexes I-III activities were observed. We have seen increased BrdU/Insulin and PDX1/Ngn3/Insulin co-positive cells in CR + GABA treated group with a reduction in apoptotic marker (TUNEL/Insulin co-positive cells). Our results indicate that CR in combination with GABA ameliorates T2D in HFD + STZ treated mice by GABA induced ß-cell regeneration, and CR mediated insulin sensitivity.

Diabetes mellitus and melatonin: Where are we?

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetes-related complications are amongst the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The international diabetes federation (IDF) has estimated 592 million people to suffer from DM by 2035. Hence, finding a novel biomolecule that can effectively aid diabetes management is vital, as other existing drugs have numerous side effects. Melatonin, a pineal hormone having antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, has been implicated in circadian dysrhythmia-linked DM. Reduced levels of melatonin and a functional link between melatonin and insulin are implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Additionally, genomic studies revealed that rare variants in melatonin receptor 1b (MTNR1B) are also associated with impaired glucose tolerance and increased risk of T2D. Moreover, exogenous melatonin treatment in cell lines, rodent models, and diabetic patients has shown a potent effect in alleviating diabetes and other related complications. This highlights the role of melatonin in glucose homeostasis. However, there are also contradictory reports on the effects of melatonin supplementation. Thus, it is essential to explore if melatonin can be taken from bench to bedside for diabetes management. This review summarizes the therapeutic potential of melatonin in various diabetic models and whether it can be considered a safe drug for managing diabetic complications and diabetic manifestations like oxidative stress, inflammation, ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic dysregulation, etc.

Endocrine Disruptors-'Food' for Thought.

Green vegetables, fruits, cereals, and pulses are all rich sources of antioxidants. Retinoic acid, ascorbate, proanthocyanidins, tannins, saponins, melatonin, curcumin, allicin, and alpha-lipoic acid stand documented in plants as bioactive compounds. The international dietary committee advocates a specific quantum of these natural antioxidants through diet. Interestingly, environmental pollution has indeed affected most of these farm products. The use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and heavy metals in soil has a cumulative effect on human health. Enough evidence is available for the presence of phytoestrogen, xenoestrogen, and a host of other endocrine disruptors in the food. These plant-based nutrients can mimic or enhance the natural hormone's health effects. While endocrine disruptors are found in many everyday products, this review aims to address endocrine disruptors from food in the Asian subcontinent. 'Food for thought' justifies the paradigm shift towards good endocrine health by swaying away from the conventional daily dietary recommendations.

ß-cell replenishment: Possible curative approaches for diabetes mellitus.

AIMS: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder of heterogeneous etiology marked by persistent hyperglycemia. Exogenous insulin is the only treatment for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Islet transplantation is a potential long cure for T1D but is disapproved due to the possibility of immune rejection in the later stage. The approaches used for treating type 2 diabetes (T2D) include diet restrictions, weight management and pharmacological interventions. These procedures have not been able to boost the quality of life for diabetic patients owing to the complexity of the disorder. DATA SYNTHESIS: Hence, research has embarked on permanent ways of managing, or even curing the disease. One of the possible approaches to restore the pancreas with new glucose-responsive ß-cells is by their regeneration. Regeneration of ß-cells include islet neogenesis, dedifferentiation, and trans-differentiation of the already differentiated cells. CONCLUSIONS: This review briefly describes the islet development, functions of ß-cells, mechanism and factors involved in ß-cell death. It further elaborates on the potential of the existing and possible therapeutic modalities involved in the in-vivo replenishment of ß-cells with a focus on exercise, diet, hormones, small molecules, and phytochemicals.

Publisher Correction: A genetic analysis identifies a haplotype at adiponectin locus: Association with obesity and type 2 diabetes.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

A genetic analysis identifies a haplotype at adiponectin locus: Association with obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Adiponectin is a prime determinant of the status of insulin resistance. Association studies between adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and metabolic diseases have been reported earlier. However, results are ambiguous due to apparent contradictions. Hence, we investigated (1) the association between ADIPOQ SNPs: -11377C/G, +10211T/G, +45T/G and +276G/T for the risk towards type 2 diabetes (T2D) and, (2) genotype-phenotype association of these SNPs with various biochemical parameters in two cohorts. Genomic DNA of diabetic patients and controls from Gujarat and, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) were genotyped using PCR-RFLP, TaqMan assay and MassArray. Transcript levels of ADIPOQ were assessed in visceral adipose tissue samples, and plasma adiponectin levels were estimated by qPCR and ELISA respectively. Results suggest: (i) reduced HMW adiponectin/total adiponectin ratio in Gujarat patients and its association with +10211T/G and +276G/T, and reduced ADIPOQ transcript levels in T2D, (ii) association of the above SNPs with increased FBG, BMI, TG, TC in Gujarat patients and (iii) increased GGTG haplotype in obese patients of Gujarat population and, (iv) association of -11377C/G with T2D in J&K population. Reduced HMW adiponectin, in the backdrop of obesity and ADIPOQ genetic variants might alter metabolic profile posing risk towards T2D.

Intron specific polymorphic site of vaspin gene along with vaspin circulatory levels can influence pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.

Vaspin, an insulin-sensitizing adipokine, has been associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The present study aimed to investigate the distribution of genotypes and high-risk alleles of vaspin genetic variants (rs77060950 G/T and rs2236242 A/T), in Gujarat subpopulation (India). Genomic DNA isolated from PBMCs was used to genotype vaspin polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP and ARMS-PCR from 502 controls and 478 patients. RNA isolated from visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of 22 controls and 20 patients was used to assess vaspin transcript levels by qPCR while the vaspin titre of the subjects was assayed using ELISA. Phenotypic characteristics of Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), BMI and plasma lipid profile were estimated and analyzed for the genotype-phenotype correlation. We identified a significant association of rs2236242 A/T with T2D as the TT genotype conferred a 3.087-fold increased risk. The TT genotype showed association with increased FBG, BMI and Triglycerides levels. Increased GA, GT and TA haplotype frequencies, decreased VAT transcript and vaspin protein levels in T2D patients was observed, which were further negatively correlated with FBG and BMI. In conclusion, rs2274907 A/T polymorphism is strongly associated with reduced vaspin transcript and protein levels, and related metabolic alterations that may play a role in the advancement of T2D.

Circulatory Omentin-1 levels but not genetic variants influence the pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Omentin-1, an anti-inflammatory protein, is secreted by the visceral adipose tissue. Altered levels of Omentin-1 are associated with obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Although Omentin-1 is implicated in the insulin signaling pathway, the relationship between the genetic variants of Omentin-1 and T2D is not yet explored. The current study evaluates the association of Omentin-1 polymorphisms (rs2274907 A/T and rs1333062 G/T), its transcript and protein levels, and genotype-phenotype correlation with metabolic parameters and T2D susceptibility. METHODS: Plasma and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were separated from venous blood taken from 250 controls and 250 T2D patients recruited from Gujarat, India. Genomic DNA was isolated from PBMCs and genotyping of Omentin-1 variants was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RNA was isolated from Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT) samples of 12 controls and 10 patients, and transcript levels of Omentin-1 were assessed by qPCR. Plasma Omentin-1 levels were estimated by ELISA. Fasting Blood Glucose, Body Mass Index (BMI) and plasma lipid profile were considered for the genotype-phenotype correlation analysis. RESULTS: Our study revealed no association of Omentin-1 genetic variants with T2D risk (p > 0.05). However, the AT genotype of Omentin-1 rs2274907 A/T polymorphism was associated with increased BMI (p = 0.0247). Plasma Omentin-1 levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.0001) however, increased VAT Omentin-1 transcript levels (p = 0.0127) were observed in T2D patients. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that decreased circulatory Omentin-1 levels could pose a risk towards T2D susceptibility.

Genetic variants of resistin and its plasma levels: Association with obesity and dyslipidemia related to type 2 diabetes susceptibility.

Resistin, an adipokine, is involved in obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). The current study evaluates the association between RETN polymorphisms (-638 G/A, -420C/G & -358 G/A) and the risk towards T2D. Controls and T2D patients were enrolled from Gujarat, India. Polymorphisms of RETN were genotyped by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. For the genotype-phenotype correlation analysis Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Body Mass Index (BMI) and plasma lipid profile were used. Plasma levels of resistin were assayed by ELISA. Our study suggests an association of RETN -420C/G polymorphism with T2D risk. The CC genotype of RETN -420C/G polymorphism was found to be associated with FBG, BMI, and total cholesterol. Plasma resistin levels were found to be significantly increased in diabetic patients as compared to controls. Our findings suggest -420C/G polymorphism of RETN as an important factor which could pose a powerful risk towards T2D susceptibility.

Genetic variants of tumor necrosis factor-α and its levels: A correlation with dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes susceptibility.

BACKGROUND & AIM: Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and its genetic variants are implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) as a result of systemic inflammation, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate i) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TNF-α and its association with altered TNF-α transcript levels and plasma concentrations ii) free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations as a marker for dyslipidemia and its association with TNF-α and iii) genotype-phenotype correlation analysis in T2D patients. METHODS: Plasma and PBMCs were separated from venous blood of 478 diabetic patients and 502 age-matched non-diabetic individuals. Genomic DNA was isolated from PBMCs and RNA was isolated from PBMCs and adipose tissue samples. PCR-RFLP was used for genotyping and qPCR to estimate TNF-α levels. TNF-α and FFA concentrations were estimated from plasma samples by ELISA. RESULTS: Our study suggests: i) involvement of TNF-α -857 C/T in T2D patients (p < 0.0001), ii) 2.072 and 6.7 fold elevation in TNF-α transcript levels in patients' PBMCs and adipose tissues respectively, increased plasma TNF-α (p = 0.0122) particularly in obese patients (p = 0.0405), increased plasma FFA (p = 0.0215) and, iii) association of TNF-α -238 G/A with body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.0270) and, -857 C/T with fasting blood glucose (FBG) (p = 0.0122) and triglycerides (TG) (p = 0.0015). Correlation analysis suggests that TNF-α concentrations are positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.3, p = 0.04) and negatively correlated with HDL (r = -0.39, p = 0.001) while the FFA concentrations are positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.35, p = 0.0004). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the genetic variant of TNF-α along with elevated TNF-α and FFA concentrations play a role in the development of dyslipidemia which could be a potent risk factor towards T2D in Gujarat population.

Association of melatonin &MTNR1B variants with type 2 diabetes in Gujarat population.

AIM/HYPOTHESIS: Melatonin is a circadian rhythm regulator and any imbalance in its levels can be related to various metabolic disorders. Melatonin and the genetic variants of Melatonin Receptor 1B (MTNR1B) are reported to be associated with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) susceptibility. The aim of the present study was to investigate i) plasma melatonin levels ii) Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) of MTNR1B and iii) Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis in T2D patients. METHODS: Plasma and PBMCs were separated from venous blood of 478 diabetes patients and 502 controls. Genomic DNA was isolated from PBMCs. PCR-RFLP was used for genotyping. Melatonin was estimated from plasma samples by ELISA. RESULTS: Our study suggests: i) decreased plasma melatonin levels in T2D patients and, ii) association of MTNR1B rs10830963 GG genotype with increased Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that reduced titer of melatonin along with altered FBG due to MTNR1B genetic variant could act as a potent risk factor towards T2D in Gujarat population.

Treatment Avenues for Type 2 Diabetes and Current Perspectives on Adipokines.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes has turned into a pandemic disorder that is affecting millions of people worldwide. Industries are aggressively racing and pursuing research towards the discovery of antidiabetic drug and the current global sale of such drugs are ever on the increase. However, in spite of such massive level of expenditure thereof, WHO projects that by 2030, diabetes will rank as the 7th leading cause of mortality. OBJECTIVE: It is in this context that we have reviewed here the various approaches available and possible towards diabetes management. This review also includes the WHO guidelines for controlling the glycemic levels, which must be known and followed by clinicians for a better diabetes management. CONCLUSION: Despite having a wealth of FDA-approved therapeutic options for type 2 diabetes majorities of the patients are not able to achieve the appropriate glycemic control due to various factors. The development of new options with actions at multiple foci of diabetic manifestation and better efficacy may potentially help in improving the current scenario of T2D management.

Melatonin protects against chromium (VI) induced hepatic oxidative stress and toxicity: Duration dependent study with realistic dosage.

The present study was undertaken to assess the degree of oxidative stress and toxic effects induced by chromium on hepatic tissue in male Wistar rats exposed to a realistic dosage of Cr(VI) (20 mg/kg/b.w./day) through drinking water, based on the levels of these metals found in the environment, for a duration of 15, 30 and 60 days. The protective effect of melatonin (10 mg/kg) was also studied by simultaneous administration with the metal. Levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants as well as lipid peroxidation were assessed. There was a significant decrease in enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants and an increase in the lipid peroxidation level, which were prevented and maintained at near-normal levels by the administration of melatonin in all treatment periods. Metal accumulation was maximal at 15 days, with gradual decreases till 60 days. Histopathological observations also demonstrated the fact that Cr (VI) exposure leads to cytological lesions in the hepatic tissue promoting cellular necrotic/apoptotic changes, while melatonin was able to counteract insults induced by Cr (VI) at all treatment periods. It also prevented alterations in insulin and glucose levels. Overall, the present study suggests a duration-dependent effect of Cr on hepatic oxidative stress and cytotoxicity and shows the potent activity of melatonin in preventing the negative effects of Cr (VI).

Association of Neuropeptide-Y (NPY) and Interleukin-1beta (IL1B), Genotype-Phenotype Correlation and Plasma Lipids with Type-II Diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is known to play a role in the regulation of satiety, energy balance, body weight, and insulin release. Interleukin-1beta (IL1B) has been associated with loss of beta-cell mass in type-II diabetes (TIID). OBJECTIVES: The present study attempts to investigate the association of NPY exon2 +1128 T/C (Leu7Pro; rs16139), NPY promoter -399 T/C (rs16147) and IL1B -511 C/T (rs16944) polymorphisms with TIID and their correlation with plasma lipid levels, BMI, and IL1B transcript levels. METHODS: PCR-RFLP was used for genotyping these polymorphisms in a case-control study involving 558 TIID patients and 1085 healthy age-matched controls from Gujarat. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analysis of the NPY polymorphic sites were performed to assess their association with TIID. IL1B transcript levels in PBMCs were also assessed in 108 controls and 101 patients using real-time PCR. RESULTS: Our results show significant association of both structural and promoter polymorphisms of NPY (p<0.0001 and p<0.0001 respectively) in patients with TIID. However, the IL1B C/T polymorphism did not show any association (p = 0.3797) with TIID patients. Haplotype analysis revealed more frequent association of CC and CT haplotypes (p = 3.34 x 10-5, p = 6.04 x 10-9) in diabetics compared to controls and increased the risk of diabetes by 3.02 and 2.088 respectively. Transcript levels of IL1B were significantly higher (p<0.0001) in patients as compared to controls. Genotype-phenotype correlation of IL1B polymorphism did not show any association with its higher transcript levels. In addition, NPY +1128 T/C polymorphism was found to be associated with increased plasma LDL levels (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The present study provides an evidence for a strong correlation between structural and promoter polymorphisms of NPY gene and upregulation of IL1B transcript levels with susceptibility to TIID and altering the lipid metabolism in Gujarat population.

Flavonoid rich extract of Murraya Koenigii alleviates in-vitro LDL oxidation and oxidized LDL induced apoptosis in raw 264.7 Murine macrophage cells.

Several lines of evidences have established a lineage between Oxidised LDL (Ox-LDL) to apoptosis of macrophages in which the high level of intracellular cholesterol play a crucial role. This study assesses the potency of Murraya koenigii (MK) leaf extract in alleviating LDL oxidation and Ox-LDL induced lipotoxicity in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells. Results indicated that presence of MK extract prevented oxidation of LDL as evidenced by its oxidation kinetics and formation of LDL oxidation products. Also, MK extract accounted for improvement in cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential of Ox-LDL treated cells. The Ox-LDL induced increment in intracellular oxidative stress, nuclear condensation and apoptosis was effectively prevented by MK extract possibly due to their established anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging potentials which may be attributed to the presence of flavonoids present in the extract. Prevention of oxidative modification of LDL, free radical induced damage and Ox-LDL induced death of RAW 264.7 cells provide preliminary evidences of its anti-atherosclerotic potential and warrants further elucidation and validation for its use in-vivo and may be useful as a functional food supplement and an alternative medicine to prevent LDL oxidation and oxidized LDL induced toxicity.

Vitiligo: interplay between oxidative stress and immune system.

Vitiligo is a multifactorial polygenic disorder with a complex pathogenesis, linked with both genetic and non-genetic factors. The precise modus operandi for vitiligo pathogenesis has remained elusive. Theories regarding loss of melanocytes are based on autoimmune, cytotoxic, oxidant-antioxidant and neural mechanisms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in excess have been documented in active vitiligo skin. Numerous proteins in addition to tyrosinase are affected. It is possible that oxidative stress is one among the main principal causes of vitiligo. However, there also exists ample evidence for altered immunological processes in vitiligo, particularly in chronic and progressive conditions. Both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system appear to be involved as a primary event or as a secondary promotive consequence. There is speculation on the interplay, if any, between ROS and the immune system in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. The article focuses on the scientific evidences linking oxidative stress and immune system to vitiligo pathogenesis giving credence to a convergent terminal pathway of oxidative stress-autoimmunity-mediated melanocyte loss.

Melatonin supplementation in rat ameliorates ovariectomy-induced oxidative stress.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to determine the potential of melatonin supplementation in ameliorating tissue oxidative stress, elevated serum corticosterone and hepatic and renal dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult Wistar rats, either ovariectomized or sham-operated, served as experimental or control groups, respectively. Rats received either melatonin, estrogen, progesterone or a combination of melatonin and estrogen for a period of 15 days. Tissue oxidative stress, serum markers of hepatic and renal dysfunction and serum corticosterone level formed the parameters of assay in all groups at the end of the treatment schedule. RESULTS: Ovariectomized rats showed significant increases in levels of tissue lipid peroxidation, serum levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and corticosterone and significant decrement in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant status. All parameters showed maximal reversal to control levels on supplementation with high-dose melatonin or estrogen + melatonin treatment. CONCLUSION: Melatonin supplementation proved better than estrogen replacement therapy, with the higher dose being more effective in preventing ovariectomy-induced increases in oxidative stress and serum levels of marker parameters of hepatic and renal dysfunction and corticosterone titer. Overall, melatonin supplementation therapy qualifies as a more potent and safe alternative to estrogen replacement therapy in alleviating postmenopausal increases in oxidative stress and hepatic and renal dysfunction.

Coriandrum sativum L. seed extract mitigates lipotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells and prevents atherogenic changes in rats.

This study was designed to assess the efficacy of Coriandrum sativum L. (CS) in preventing in vitro low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation mediated macrophage modification. Further, an in vivo study was also conducted to confirm upon the efficacy of CS seed extract in alleviating pathophysiological alterations of high cholesterol diet induced atherosclerosis in rats. Copper mediated cell free oxidation of LDL accounted for elevated indices of malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid hydroperoxide (LHP)and protein carbonyl (PC) and a progressive increment in conjugate diene (CD) levels whereas, reverse set of changes were recorded in presence of CS extract. Cell mediated LDL oxidation (using RAW 264.7 cells) accounted for lowered MDA production and oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) mediated cell death in presence of CS extract and the same was attributed to its potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging potentials. High cholesterol fed atherogenic rats showed elevated lipid indices, evidences of LDL oxidation, plaque formation in thoracic aorta. The same was further validated with immunostaining of cell adhesion molecules and hematoxylin and eosin (HXE) staining. However, co-supplementation of CS to atherogenic rats recorded significant lowering of the above mentioned parameters further strengthening the claim that CS extract is instrumental in preventing onset and progression of atherosclerosis.