Multiple-slice spin lock imaging of head and neck tumors at 0.1 Tesla: exploring appropriate imaging parameters with reference to T2-weighted spin-echo technique.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Spin lock imaging has been shown to be useful in characterizing head and neck tumors. The purposes of this study were to explore and develop multiple-slice spin lock gradient-echo (SL-GRE) sequences for head and neck imaging and to compare the tumor contrast on SL images to spin-echo (SE) T2-weighted images at 0.1 T. METHODS: On the basis of measured relaxation times of tumors and head and neck tissues, the authors evaluated with signal equations the effect of imaging parameters on tissue contrast produced by the SL-GRE sequence. In the clinical study, 34 patients with pathologically verified head and neck tumors were imaged with multiple-slice SL-GRE (repetition time 1500 ms/echo time 30 ms) out-of-phase fat/water sequences and compared with T2-weighted SE (repetition time 1500 ms/echo time 120 ms) sequences. The conspicuity of tumors was evaluated by calculating the contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs). RESULTS: The combination of a short echo time of 30 ms and the length of locking pulses in the range of 10 to 35 ms produced optimal CNRs for head and neck tumor imaging. The measured CNRs and subjective evaluation for tumor detection were satisfactory with both imaging sequences. However, the CNRs between tumors and salivary gland tissues were significantly greater with the SL sequence than with the T2-weighted sequence. CONCLUSIONS: The multiple-slice SL-GRE technique provides image contrast comparable to that of SE T2-weighted imaging for head and neck tumors at 0.1 T. With short locking pulse lengths and echo times, wide anatomic coverage and reduced motion and susceptibility artifacts can be achieved. The out-of-phase SL technique is useful in imaging salivary gland tumors.

3D spin-lock imaging of human gliomas.

We investigated whether the simultaneous use of paramagnetic contrast medium and 3D on-resonance spin lock (SL) imaging could improve the contrast of enhancing brain tumors at 0.1 T. A phantom containing serial concentrations of gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) in cross-linked bovine serum albumin (BSA) was imaged. Eleven patients with histologically verified glioma were also studied. T1-weighted 3D gradient echo images with and without SL pulse were acquired before and after a Gd-DTPA injection. SL effect, contrast, and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated for each patient. In the glioma patients, the SL effect was significantly smaller in the tumor than in the white and gray matter both before (p = 0.001, p = 0.025, respectively), and after contrast medium injection (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). On post-contrast images, SL imaging significantly improved tumor contrast (p = 0.001) whereas tumor CNR decreased slightly (p = 0.024). The combined use of SL imaging and paramagnetic Gd-DTPA contrast agent offers a modality for improving tumor contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of enhancing brain tumors. 3D gradient echo SL imaging has also shown potential to increase tissue characterization properties of MR imaging of human gliomas.

Low-field magnetic resonance imaging of beagle brain with a dedicated receiver coil.

A specially designed radio frequency receiver coil was used in a low-field-strength (0.1 T) magnetic resonance imager to improve the image quality of the Beagle brain. The aim was to obtain better distinction of anatomic details with a better signal-to-noise ratio in shorter imaging time. The spin-echo (TR/TE = 1200/100; TR is the repetition time and TE is the echo time in ms) brain images of three Beagles indicate that the new receiver coil can fulfill these goals.

On- and off-resonance spin-lock MR imaging of normal human brain at 0.1 T: possibilities to modify image contrast.

The aim of the present investigation was to determine spin lock (SL) relaxation parameters for the normal brain tissues and thus, to provide basis for optimizing the imaging contrast at 0.1 T. 68 healthy volunteers were included. On-resonance spin lock relaxation time (T1rho) and off-resonance spin lock relaxation parameters (T1rho(off), Me/Mo), MT parameters (T1sat, Ms/Mo), and T1, T2 were determined for the cortical gray matter, and for the frontal and parietal white matters. The T1rho for the frontal and parietal white matters ranged from 110 to 133 ms and from 122 to 155 ms with locking field strengths from 50 microT to 250 microT, respectively. Accordingly, the values for the gray matter ranged from 127 to 155 ms. With a locking field strength of 50 microT, T1rho(off) for the frontal and parietal white matters were from 114 to 217 ms and from 126 to 219 ms, and for the gray matter from 136 to 267 ms with the angle between the effective magnetic field (B(eff)) and the z-axis (theta) ranging from 60 degrees to 15 degrees, respectively. The T1rho of the white and gray matters increased significantly with increasing locking field amplitude (p < 0.001). The T1rho(off) decreased significantly with increasing theta (p < 0.001). T1rho and T1rho(off) with theta > or = 30 degrees were statistically significantly shorter in the frontal than in the parietal white matters (p < 0.05). The duration, amplitude and theta of the locking pulse provide additional parameters to optimize contrast in brain SL imaging.

Determination of T1rho values for head and neck tissues at 0.1 T: a comparison to T1 and T2 relaxation times.

In order to optimize head and neck magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with the spin-lock (SL) technique, the T1rho relaxation times for normal tissues were determined. Furthermore, T1rho was compared to T1 and T2 relaxation times. Ten healthy volunteers were studied with a 0.1 T clinical MR imager. T1rho values were determined by first measuring the tissue signal intensities with different locking pulse durations (TL), and then by fitting the signal intensity values to the equation with the least-squares method. The T1rho relaxation times were shortest for the muscle and tongue, intermediate for lymphatic and parotid gland tissue and longest for fat. T1rho demonstrated statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between all tissues, except between muscle and tongue. T1rho values measured at locking field strength (B1L) of 35 microT were close to T2 values, the only exception being fat tissue, which showed T1rho values much longer than T2 values. Determination of tissue relaxation times may be utilized to optimize image contrast, and also to achieve better tissue discrimination potential, by choosing appropriate imaging parameters for the head and neck spin-lock sequences.

Improvement of brain lesion detection at 0.1 T by simultaneous use of Gd-DTPA and magnetization transfer imaging.

Imaging parameters were optimized at 0.1 T to improve contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) when combining magnetization transfer (MT) imaging and the use of paramagnetic contrast medium. This was accomplished by imaging a phantom containing serial concentrations of Gd-DTPA in cross-linked bovine serum albumin. With the use of simulations, the dependence of CNR on imaging parameters was studied. Conventional and MT images were obtained from 10 brain tumor patients with single and triple doses of Gd-DTPA. Simulations demonstrated the importance of TR in postcontrast sequences. The CNR in MT images is less sensitive to TR than in conventional images. A significant CNR improvement caused by MT remains at longer TR when there is no contrast enhancement without MT. The clinical results indicate that a single dose of Gd-DTPA combined with MT cannot replace imaging with a triple dose. However, MT significantly improved the CNR after single and triple Gd-DTPA-doses on T1-weighted and proton-density images.

Analysis of 10B by PIGE with factor analytical gamma-ray peak identification.

Studying the biodistribution of boronated compounds for B neutron capture therapy (BNCT) requires the accurate detection of low levels of boron (10B) in biological samples. Proton induced gamma-ray emission analysis (PIGE) of 10B was found to be viable in a study of low density lipoprotein (LDL), in tissue and blood samples. However, the method is sensitive to Na present in the samples and can therefore not be used for accurate measurements of 10B concentrations below 5 ppm in samples containing Na. PIGE can be considered to be an appropriate reference method for chemical B analysis. The factor analytical method presented here is the most objective way to separate Na and B peaks from each other, and the factorizing method can be applied in different forms of spectral analysis.