ABSTRACT
The present meta-analysis aimed to determine the underlying effects of different saponins extracted from different sources on the production performance, milk yield, digestibility, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and nitrogen utilization of ruminants. A total of 26 papers comprising 66 in vivo studies (148 data points of dietary treatments) were evaluated in the present study. The databases were statistically analyzed using the mixed model procedure of SAS, where experiments considered random effects and tannin-related factors were treated as fixed effects. Statistical procedures were then continued in comparing different sources of saponin extract through Mixed Model analysis, where experiments were also random factors and sources of saponin extract were fixed factors. The evidence revealed in the present meta-analysis that saponin supplementation of up to 40 g/kg DM appears to have no detrimental impact on feed intake across ruminant types, suggesting that it does not significantly affect diet palatability. However, the results indicated that there are species-specific responses to saponin supplementation, particularly in relation to palatability and nutrient absorption efficiency, with larger ruminants being better able to tolerate the bitterness induced by saponin extracts. Furthermore, the study found that saponin extracts can influence nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation dynamics, with different effects observed in large and small ruminants. While some saponin extracts can enhance average daily weight gain and milk yield, others can have adverse effects, highlighting the importance of considering both saponin sources and animal physiological condition when developing nutritional strategies. Additionally, optimization of ruminant production by utilizing saponin extracts is necessary to avoid negative health implications, such as increased blood creatinine levels. Different saponin extracts utilization in ruminant nutrition and environmental management, have a distinct understanding associated to their various bioactive properties. However, among the saponin sources, saponin extracted from Quilaja saponaria is more likely to improve large ruminant production performance while maintaining ruminant health and metabolism, but negatively affect small ruminants. Further research is needed to unravel the intricate effects of different saponin sources on ruminant health and productivity, emphasizing the importance of tailored dietary strategies that consider the unique physiological and metabolic characteristics of the target livestock.
ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Polymorphism on tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) gene rs120074175 can cause the synthesis of neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain to reduce up to 80%. Reduced serotonin in the brain can cause dopamine release to occur continuously. Excess dopamine in the brain may cause positive symptom of schizophrenia. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the genotype distribution of TPH2 rs120074175 gene on patients with schizophrenia at Prof. Dr. Soerojo Magelang Psychiatric Hospital, Indonesia, and the relationship between the genetic polymorphism of the TPH2 rs120074175 gene against risk factors of schizophrenia. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The method used was amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). Whole blood from healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia, Wizard genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) purification kit (Promega, Fitchburg, Wisconsin), PCR master mix (Promega), ARMS-PCR primers, ddH2O, agarose (Thermo Scientific, Seoul, South Korea), Tris, Acetic Acid, EDTA (TAE) 1X, ethidium bromide, loading dye 6×, and DNA ladder (Thermo Scientific) were the materials used. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and chi-square (χ2) tests were used. RESULTS: The results showed that both groups (healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia) at the Prof. Dr. Soerojo Magelang Psychiatric Hospital have a wild-type GG genotype (100%) without anyone having a mutant A allele. CONCLUSION: TPH2 rs120074175 gene polymorphism was not associated with risk factors for schizophrenia.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Cytotoxic T protein lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) plays a key role in regulating the T-cell system, where occurrence of disturbances in the system seen by imbalances in Th1 and Th2 levels is believed to be one of the etiologies of schizophrenia. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at rs5742909 in the CTLA-4 gene (CâT) might affect the expression level of CTLA-4 protein. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the genotype distribution of the CTLA-4 gene (rs5742909) in patients with schizophrenia at Rumah Sakit Jiwa Prof. Dr. Soerojo Magelang and identify the correlation of these genetic polymorphisms as the risk factors of schizophrenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research was conducted through the stage of submitting ethical approval, primer design, chromosomal DNA isolation, optimization of polymerase chain reaction conditions, and data analysis. RESULTS: Based on the results of the study, the CC genotype was shown in 36 patients (78.26%), TT genotype in 10 patients (21.73%), and no TT genotypes. However, statistical analysis using Fisher's exact and binary logistic regression statistical test showed no significant relationship between genetic polymorphism of the CTLA-4 rs5742909 against risk factors for schizophrenia (P = 0.05; α = 5%). CONCLUSION: SNP at rs5742909, C-to-T-allele transition, was not significant associated with the risk of schizophrenia.
