The Smart Drug Delivery of Rotigotine Using Transdermal Patch for the Successful Management of Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: A Non-Ergot Dopamine Agonist (NEDA) rotigotine has been designed as a new transdermal drug delivery system. AIM: To maintain optimum homogeneity in drug content, the rotigotine transdermal patch was developed utilizing a solvent casting technique. METHODS: The characteristics of a transdermal patch, including patch weight, folding endurance, patch thickness, surface morphology, tensile strength, swelling rate, surface pH, in vitro release studies, water retention rate, uniformity of drug content, and ex-vivo permeation studies, were determined. RESULTS: In vitro drug release studies unequivocally demonstrated that drug release controlled polymer interactions. There was no apparent lag period before the drug release rate started to decline. The developed patch showed 70 ± 1.18 % of prolongation of drug release within 24 hours. The result of the penetration studies demonstrated that 61 ± 2.52% of rotigotine permeated through the epidermal barrier within 24 h. CONCLUSION: The developed transdermal patch comprising rotigotine was evidently placed on the dermis layer, and an appropriate dose was delivered into circulation for a longer time based on the aforementioned factors. The findings of this study illustrate the effective approach of transdermal patches to treat Parkinson's disease.

Unravelling the Nature of the Intrinsic Complex Structure of Binary-Phase Na-Layered Oxides.

The layered sodium transition metal oxide, NaTMO2 (TM = transition metal), with a binary or ternary phases has displayed outstanding electrochemical performance as a new class of strategy cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, an in-depth phase analysis of developed Na1-x TMO2 cathode materials, Na0.76 Ni0.20 Fe0.40 Mn0.40 O2 with P2- and O3-type phases (NFMO-P2/O3) is offered. Structural visualization on an atomic scale is also provided and the following findings are unveiled: i) the existence of a mixed-phase intergrowth layer distribution and unequal distribution of P2 and O3 phases along two different crystal plane indices and ii) a complete reversible charge/discharge process for the initial two cycles that displays a simple phase transformation, which is unprecedented. Moreover, first-principles calculations support the evidence of the formation of a binary NFMO-P2/O3 compound, over the proposed hypothetical monophasic structures (O3, P3, O'3, and P2 phases). As a result, the synergetic effect of the simultaneous existence of P- and O-type phases with their unique structures allows an extraordinary level of capacity retention in a wide range of voltage (1.5-4.5 V). It is believed that the insightful understanding of the proposed materials can introduce new perspectives for the development of high-voltage cathode materials for SIBs.

Dual Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Nanofoam-Wrapped Iron Monosulfide Nanoparticles: An Efficient Cathode Catalyst for Li-O2 Batteries.

Cost-effective dual heteroatom-doped 3D carbon nanofoam-wrapped FeS nanoparticles (NPs), FeS-C, act as efficient bifunctional catalysts for Li-O2 batteries. This cathode exhibits a maximum deep discharge capacity of 14 777.5 mA h g-1 with a 98.1 % columbic efficiency at 0.1 mA cm-2 . The controlled capacity (500 mA h g-1 ) test of this cathode delivers a minimum polarization gap of 0.73 V at 0.1 mA cm-2 and is sustained for 100 cycles with an energy efficiency of approximately 64 % (1st cycle) and 52 % (100th cycle) at 0.3 mA cm-2 , under the potential window of 2.0-4.5 V. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the substantial reversible formation and complete decomposition of Li2 O2 . The excellent recharging ability, high rate performance, and cycle stability of this catalyst is attributed to the synergistic effect of FeS catalytic behavior and textural properties of heteroatom-doped carbon nanostructures.

Zinc-air battery: understanding the structure and morphology changes of graphene-supported CoMn(2)O(4) bifunctional catalysts under practical rechargeable conditions.

Nitrogen-doped/undoped thermally reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) decorated with CoMn2O4 (CMO) nanoparticles were synthesized using a simple one-step hydrothermal method. The activity and stability of this hybrid catalyst were evaluated by preparing air electrodes with both primary and rechargeable zinc-air batteries that consume ambient air. Further, we investigated the relationship between the physical properties and the electrochemical results for hybrid electrodes at various cycles using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, galvanodynamic charge-discharging and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The structural, morphological and electrocatalytic performances confirm that CMO/N-rGO is a promising material for safe, reliable, and long-lasting air cathodes for both primary and rechargeable zinc-air batteries that consume air under ambient condition.