ABSTRACT
A new series of 4-((5-fluoro-6-(substituted)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylthio)methyl)-benzoic acids 4a-o and 2-(5-fluoro-6-(substituted)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylthio)-2-methylpropanoic acids 8a-e were synthesized, and their inhibitory potencies against soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) were investigated. These molecules were designed based on the combination of 5-LOX and sEH pharmacophores, resulting in hybrid analogs with potent sEH and 5-LOX inhibitory activity. Compound 4g showed remarkable activity with IC50 values of less than 1 µM (0.9 µM) against 5-LOX, while compound 4k displayed promising activity against sEH with IC50 ≤ 1 µM (0.7 µM). These compounds were evaluated for their in vivo potential using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay. Based on the obtained results, the structure-activity relationship was established and a correlation between the activities was observed. Compounds 4f, 4g, 4k, 4n, and 8e showed potent anti-inflammatory activity and significant inhibition of edema (64.13, 67.39, 66.30, 65.21, and 58.69%, respectively) at a dose of 100 mg/kg, comparable to the standard drug ibuprofen (70.65%) at 3 h.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Benzimidazoles/pharmacology , Edema/drug therapy , Inflammation/drug therapy , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/drug effects , Benzimidazoles/chemical synthesis , Benzimidazoles/chemistry , Carrageenan , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Edema/enzymology , Epoxide Hydrolases/antagonists & inhibitors , Female , Humans , Ibuprofen/pharmacology , Inflammation/enzymology , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Lipoxygenase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Lipoxygenase Inhibitors/chemistry , Lipoxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Male , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A number of imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives having alkyl and aryl moieties attached to positions 2 and 6 of imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole nucleus, respectively, were prepared and characterized by IR, NMR and mass spectroscopy. Antiinflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay. By 5th hours, all compounds demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity similar or higher than that of standard NSAID, ibuprofen.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemical synthesis , Imidazoles/chemical synthesis , Thiadiazoles/chemical synthesis , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Imidazoles/pharmacology , Rats , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thiadiazoles/pharmacologyABSTRACT
A series of 2,5,6-substituted imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives have been prepared and were tested for antiproliferative activity on cancer cells at the National Cancer Institute. Results showed that molecules with a benzyl group at position 2, exhibited an increase in activity for the introduction of a formyl group at the 5 position. The compound 2-benzyl-5-formyl-6-(4-bromophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole 22 has been chosen for understanding the mechanism of action by various molecular and cellular biology studies. Results obtained from cell cycle evaluation analysis, analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential and Annexin V-FITC by flow cytometric analysis, ROS production and expression of apoptotic and DNA-repair proteins suggested that compound 22 induced cytotoxicity by activating extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, however, without affecting cell cycle progression.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Imidazoles/pharmacology , Thiadiazoles/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Humans , Imidazoles/chemical synthesis , Imidazoles/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thiadiazoles/chemical synthesis , Thiadiazoles/chemistryABSTRACT
The cytotoxic activity of a new series of 2-(4'-chlorobenzyl)-5,6-disubstituted imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles against different human and murine cancer cell lines is reported. Among the tested compounds, two derivatives namely 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole-5-carbaldehyde 4i and 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-6-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-yl thiocyanate 5i emerged as the most potent against all the cell lines. To investigate the mechanism of action, we selected compounds 4i for cell cycle study, analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential and Annexin V-FITC flow cytometric analysis and DNA fragmentation assay. Results showed that 4i induced cytotoxicity by inducing apoptosis without arresting the cell cycle.
Subject(s)
Cytotoxins/pharmacology , Imidazoles/pharmacology , Thiadiazoles/pharmacology , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cell Cycle/drug effects , Cell Line , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cytotoxins/chemical synthesis , Cytotoxins/chemistry , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , HeLa Cells , Humans , Imidazoles/chemical synthesis , Imidazoles/chemistry , Mice , Molecular Structure , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thiadiazoles/chemical synthesis , Thiadiazoles/chemistryABSTRACT
Levamisole, the imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole derivative has been reported as a potential antitumor agent. In the present study, we synthesized, characterized and evaluated biological activity of its novel analogues with substitution in the aralkyl group and on imidazothiadiazole molecules with same chemical backbone but different side chains namely 2-aralkyl-6-(4'-fluorophenyl)-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles (SCR1), 2-aralkyl-5-bromo-6-(4'-fluorophenyl)-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazoles (SCR2), 2-aralkyl-5-formyl-6-(4'-fluorophenyl)-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazoles (SCR3) and 2-aralkyl-5-thiocyanato-6-(4'-fluorophenyl)-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazoles (SCR4) on leukemia cells. The cytotoxic studies showed that 3a, 4a, and 4c exhibited strong cytotoxicity while others had moderate cytotoxicity. Among these we chose 4a (IC50, 8 µM) for understanding its mechanism of cytotoxicity. FACS analysis in conjunction with mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA fragmentation studies indicated that 4a induced apoptosis without cell cycle arrest suggesting that it could be used as a potential chemotherapeutic agent.
