ABSTRACT
Cathelicidin LL-37 is a multifunctional, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial host-defense peptide of the human immune system. Here, we identified the role of SFKs in mediating the chemokine induction activity of LL-37 in monocytic cells. LL-37 induced SFK phosphorylation; and chemical inhibitors of SFKs suppressed chemokine production in response to LL-37 stimulation. SFKs were required for the downstream activation of AKT, but Ca(2+)-flux and MAPK induction were SFK-independent. Through systematic siRNA knockdown of SFK members, a requirement for Lyn in mediating LL-37 activity was identified. The involvement of Lyn in cathelicidin activities was further confirmed using Lyn-knockout mouse BMDMs. The role of SFKs and Lyn was also demonstrated in the activities of the synthetic cationic IDR peptides, developed as novel, immunomodulatory therapeutics. These findings elucidate the common molecular mechanisms mediating the chemokine induction activity of natural and synthetic cationic peptides in monocytic cells and identify SFKs as a potential target for modulating peptide responses.
Subject(s)
Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/pharmacology , Immunologic Factors/pharmacology , Monocytes/immunology , src-Family Kinases/immunology , Animals , Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/chemical synthesis , Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/immunology , Calcium/immunology , Calcium/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Female , Humans , Immunologic Factors/chemical synthesis , Immunologic Factors/immunology , Male , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/genetics , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/immunology , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism , Monocytes/cytology , Monocytes/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/immunology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , src-Family Kinases/genetics , src-Family Kinases/metabolism , CathelicidinsABSTRACT
Campylobacter jejuni, a major cause of acute bacterial diarrhea in humans, expresses numerous proteins to import diverse forms of essential iron. The expression of p19 and an adjacent iron transporter homologue (ftr1) is strongly induced upon iron limitation, suggesting a function in iron acquisition. Here, we show that the loss of P19 alone is detrimental to growth on iron-restricted media. Furthermore, metal binding analysis demonstrates that recombinant P19 has distinct copper and iron binding sites. Crystal structures of P19 have been solved to 1.41 A resolution, revealing an immunoglobulin-like fold. A P19 homodimer in which both monomers contribute ligands to two equivalent copper sites located adjacent to methionine-rich patches is observed. Copper coordination occurs via three histidine residues (His42, His95, and His132) and Met88. A solvent channel lined with conserved acidic residues leads to the copper site. Soaking crystals with a solution of manganese as iron analog reveals a second metal binding site in this solvent channel (metal-metal distance, 7.7 A). Glu44 lies between the metal sites and displays multiple conformations in the crystal structures, suggesting a role in regulating metal-metal interaction. Dimerization is shown to be metal dependent in vitro and is detected in vivo by cross-linking.
