Racial Diversity in Orthopedic Surgery.

Data from the US Census Bureau, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons reveal that orthopedic surgery is the least diverse of any surgical specialty and that diversity within orthopedics is not improving. Considerable data from both medicine and business suggest that improving diversity within the orthopedic surgery specialty would be of significant benefit to the orthopedic surgery profession and to patients. Multiple avenues for increasing diversity exist, including large-scale pipeline programs as well as personal and institutional efforts examining biases and decision-making processes.

Combined Elbow Release and Humeral Rotational Osteotomy in Arthrogryposis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if a simultaneous posterior elbow release and humeral osteotomy to correct both the elbow extension contracture and the humeral internal rotation contracture in children with arthrogryposis can produce similar results as a posterior elbow release alone. METHODS: This study was a retrospective chart review of consecutive patients with arthrogryposis treated surgically for elbow extension contracture between 2007 and 2014. A total of 43 procedures in 36 patients had adequate available follow-up data and were included in the study. The postoperative range of motion reported was measured at the early follow-up (3-6 months), midterm follow-up (between 1 and 2 years), and the most recent long-term follow-up (after 2 years) from the date of surgery. Patients were grouped into 2 groups (simultaneous and release) based on the necessity of performing an ipsilateral humeral rotation osteotomy at the time of the release. RESULTS: At early follow-up, patients in both groups increased their total arc of motion. There was a significant difference in extension and arc of motion at midterm follow-up (between 1 and 2 years) between the simultaneous and the release groups with the simultaneous group significantly losing both terminal extension and total arc of motion. At more than 2 years follow-up, there remained a statistically significant difference in arc of motion, with the release group having a significantly larger arc of motion. Patients who underwent dual plating had a much larger arc of motion at early follow-up than the K-wire or single-plate fixation group, despite having similar preoperative extension, flexion, and arc of motion. This difference was also significant at late follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with posterior release alone had significantly greater improvement in total arc of motion and significantly better elbow extension than patients who underwent a simultaneous humeral osteotomy. However, rigid fixation with early mobilization may yield results comparable with the release alone group. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

Does a Weekly Didactic Conference Improve Resident Performance on the Pediatric Domain of the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination?

BACKGROUND: Performance on the Orthopaedic In-training Examination (OITE) has been correlated with performance on the written portion of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery examination. Herein we sought to discover whether adding a regular pediatric didactic lecture improved residents' performance on the OITE's pediatric domain. METHODS: In 2012, a didactic lecture series was started in the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hamot Orthopaedic Residency Program (Hamot). This includes all topics in pediatric orthopaedic surgery and has teaching faculty present, and occurs weekly with all residents attending. A neighboring program [UMPC Pittsburgh (Pitt)] shares in these conferences, but only during their pediatric rotation. We sought to determine the effectiveness of the conference by comparing the historic scores from each program on the pediatric domain of the OITE examination to scores after the institution of the conference, and by comparing the 2 programs' scores. RESULTS: Both programs demonstrated improvement in OITE scores. In 2008, the mean examination score was 19.6±4.3 (11.0 to 30.0), and the mean percentile was 57.7±12.6 (32.0 to 88.0); in 2014, the mean examination score was 23.5±4.2 (14.0 to 33.0) and the mean percentile was 67.1±12.1 (40.0 to 94.0). OITE scores and percentiles improved with post graduate year (P<0.0001). Compared with the preconference years, Hamot residents answered 3.99 more questions correctly (P<0.0001) and Pitt residents answered 2.93 more questions correctly (P<0.0001). Before the conference, site was not a predictor of OITE score (P=0.06) or percentile (P=0.08); there was no significant difference found between the mean scores per program. However, in the postconference years, site did predict OITE scores. Controlling for year in training, Hamot residents scored higher on the OITE (2.3 points higher, P=0.003) and had higher percentiles (0.07 higher, P=0.004) than Pitt residents during the postconference years. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that adding a didactic pediatric lecture improved residents' scores on the OITE and indirectly suggests that more frequent attendance is associated with better scores. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-retrospective case-control study.

Digital Chondrolysis and Epiphysiolysis Associated With Snakebite: A Report of 2 Cases.

BACKGROUND: Here, we present 2 cases of the unusual sequelae of a venomous bite to the finger in children resulting in chondrolysis and physeal loss. There have been few isolated case reports documenting this phenomenon. Currently, there is no preventative treatment, and patients should be warned of this possible complication of envenomation. METHODS: Two patients with chondrolysis and physeal loss have been seen in our practice. RESULTS: Chondrolysis and epiphysiolysis occurred in 2 patients. One patient was treated with proximal interphalangeal joint fusion and one is being managed conservatively. CONCLUSION: The toxic action of snake venom may cause loss of the growth plate and chondrolysis in the pediatric hand. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

A brief review of extensor tendon injuries specific to the pediatric patient.

Extensor tendon injuries in the pediatric population require careful evaluation and treatment. This article focuses on the differences in injury type and treatment of pediatric versus adult extensor tendon injuries. A detailed history and physical examination is crucial in the management of extensor tendon injuries of the young patient. Treatment of pediatric extensor tendon injuries depends largely on the site of injury. A majority of these injuries may be treated with splinting or primary repair. Treatment methods that require high compliance must be adjusted for the young child.

A line drawn along the radial shaft misses the capitellum in 16% of radiographs of normal elbows.

BACKGROUND: The radiocapitellar line (RCL) is a routinely referenced radiographic measurement for evaluating injury of the pediatric elbow, such as a Monteggia fracture. It is most commonly described as a line drawn along the radius that should intercept the center of the capitellum in a normal elbow. However, the RCL has not been rigorously defined or validated in young children. METHODS: The RCL was drawn out on the anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of 116 normal pediatric elbows by 3 examiners. On each radiograph, lines were drawn along the longitudinal center of the radial neck as well as the radial shaft. The distance from each of these lines to the center of the capitellum was defined as the line-capitellar distance (LCD). The LCD was standardized to the patient size and correlated with patient variables. RESULTS: Of the 2052 RCLs drawn, 50% (1029/2052) fell outside the middle third of the capitellum and 8.6% (176/2052) missed the capitellum completely. Lines drawn along the radial neck in the anteroposterior and lateral views missed the capitellum less frequently (1.2% vs. 12.7%, P<0.0001) and passed through its central third less (77.8% vs. 44.7%, P<0.0001) when compared with lines drawn using the radial shaft. Lines along the radial neck intersected the capitellum significantly more often on the lateral view than on the anteroposterior view (98.8% vs. 96.8%, P=0.06) and were more likely to pass through the center third of the capitellum (77.8% vs. 55.5%, P<0.0001). With both techniques of drawing the RCL, the percent of measurements falling within the middle third of the capitellum was higher in patients above 5 years of age (P<0.001). The RCL is more reliable in older patients and shows considerable variation in infants. CONCLUSIONS: The RCL does not invariably bisect or fall within the middle third of the capitellum in normal pediatric elbows. Therefore, an abnormal RCL is suggestive but not pathognomonic for injury such as Monteggia fracture. An RCL drawn along the radial shaft will miss the capitellum in 15.6% of elbows. The most consistent RCL is drawn along the radial neck on the lateral view. Patient variables such as age and sex should be considered in the ability of the RCL to identify elbow injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic Level 3.

Prevention of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: A number of reports have been published on the effectiveness and design of intervention programs for the prevention of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in female athletes. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature to determine the effectiveness of neuromuscular training programs in preventing ACL injury in female athletes. METHODS: A systematic review was performed with use of the PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases. The search terms included "anterior cruciate ligament" and "ACL" combined with "prevention" and "intervention." The searches included material indexed by September 30, 2013. Data concerning study design, the characteristics of participants, the details of the neuromuscular programs, the types of sports, and number of ACL ruptures were extracted from the studies. Study heterogeneity was assessed with funnel plot and Egger regression methods. Pooled effects were calculated with use of a DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. The number needed to treat was calculated on the basis of pooled incidence data. RESULTS: The risk of ACL rupture was 1.83 times higher for female athletes who did not participate in neuromuscular ACL-prevention training programs (odds ratio [OR], 1.83; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.08 to 3.10; p = 0.02). In studies that focused exclusively on soccer, the risk of ACL rupture was 2.62 times higher for nonparticipating athletes (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.59 to 4.32; p < 0.01). When the data were analyzed according to the timing of the intervention, no significant effects were found. In studies in which the program took place both preseason and in-season, the risk (odds ratio) of ACL rupture for nonparticipating athletes was 2.34 (95% CI, 0.82 to 6.7; p = 0.11). In studies in which the intervention took place in-season only, the risk (odds ratio) of ACL rupture for nonparticipating athletes was 1.25 (95% CI, 0.23 to 6.75; p = 0.8). The number needed to treat to prevent a single ACL rupture was 128.7 athletes. We found no significant heterogeneity among the included studies. The I value was 35.40% (p = 0.11). No significant publication bias was found in our included studies. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis favor a protective effect of neuromuscular training programs on the risk of ACL rupture in female athletes. This protective effect is more pronounced in soccer players. Additional research is needed to design the optimal training program. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Desmoid tumor in the pediatric population: a report of two cases.

Desmoid tumors are benign tumors that cause considerable morbidity and are prone to recurrence. They tend to extensively infiltrate surrounding tissues, complicating the treatment. We present the report of two cases of desmoid tumor in the pediatric population. The first patient had tumor that necessitated removal of most of the anterior compartment of his leg. The tumor in the second case was intimately involved with neurovascular structures and, therefore adjuvant treatment including chemotherapy and repeat surgery was necessary. We present these cases as well as a review of the literature to illustrate the challenges in diagnosing and treating pediatric desmoid tumors.