ABSTRACT
Project-based learning (PBL) has long been recognized as an effective way to teach complex biology concepts. However, not all institutions have the resources to facilitate effective project-based coursework for students. We have developed a framework for facilitating PBL using remote-controlled internet-connected microscopes. Through this approach, one lab facility can host an experiment for many students around the world simultaneously. Experiments on this platform can be run on long timescales and with materials that are typically unavailable to high school classrooms. This allows students to perform novel research projects rather than just repeating standard classroom experiments. To investigate the impact of this program, we designed and ran six user studies with students worldwide. All experiments were hosted in Santa Cruz and San Francisco, California, with observations and decisions made remotely by the students using their personal computers and cellphones. In surveys gathered after the experiments, students reported increased excitement for science and a greater desire to pursue a career in STEM. This framework represents a novel, scalable, and effective PBL approach that has the potential to democratize biology and STEM education around the world.
ABSTRACT
El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar diferencias de dimorfismo sexual de las características de labios de hombre y mujeres mestizos colombianos a través de análisis fotogramétrico. Se evaluaron fotografías frontales de 120 individuos mestizos sin alteraciones congénitas o adquiridas de los labios, tomadas en relación 1:1. A través del uso de puntos antropométricos en la vista frontal, se evaluaron las dimensiones: grosor del labio superior (Sn-Stms), grosor del bermellon superior (Stms-Ls), grosor del labio inferior (Stmi-Sml), grosor del bermellon inferior (Stmi-Li) y ancho bicomisural (Chd-Chi), con la ayuda del software J image (NIH). El análisis estadístico utilizó la prueba U Mann-Whitney usando el software SPSS 17.0, para determinar diferencias entre los dos sexos en todas las variables. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la longitud del bermellón del labio superior (Stms-Ls) ni en la longitud del bermellón del labio inferior (Stmi-Li). Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,001) en grosor del labio superior (Sn-Stms), grosor del labio inferior (Stmi-Sml) y ancho bicomisural (Chd-Chi). Estas medidas fueron mayores en individuos mestizos de género masculino. Existe dimorfismo sexual en el ancho bicomisural, longitud de labio superior e inferior en colombianos mestizos.
The aim of this research was to determine sexual dimorphism in lip characteristic in colombian male and female population through a photogrammetric study. Frontal facial photographs, in 1 to 1 scale, from 120 colombian persons without congenital or acquired lip alterations were evaluated. Using frontal landmarks, longitudinal dimensions of upper lip height (Sn-Stms), vermilion height of the upper lip (Stms-Ls), lower lip height (Stmi-Sml), vermilion height of the lower lip (Stmi-Li) and mouth width (ch-ch). J image software was user for phogrammetric analysis (NIH). For stadistical analysis U mann-whitney test was used with SPSS 17.0, in order to determine sexual dimorphism in lip characteristic. No significant sexual dimorphism was found for vermilion height of the upper lip (Stms-Ls) nor vermillion height of the lower lip (Stmi-Li). Significan sexual dimorphism was found for upper lip height (Sn-Stms), lower lip height (Stmi-Sml) and mouth width (ch-ch). All longitudinal measurements were larger in male than female. There was sexual dimorphism in lip measurements in a colombian population, when evaluated using phoptogrammetric methods.
