Demographic, hemodynamic characteristics, and therapeutic trends of pulmonary hypertension patients: The Pulmonary Hypertension Mexican registry (REMEHIP).

Data on demographic characteristics and therapeutic approaches in Latin American pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients are scarce. Pulmonary Hypertension Mexican registry (REMEHIP) is a multicenter Mexican registry of adult and pediatric patients, including prevalent and incident cases. Objective: assess clinical characteristics, treatment trends, and in-hospital outcomes. Inclusion: age >2 years, diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) (groups 1 and 4), right heart catheterization with mPAP ≥25 mmHg, PWP ≤ 15 mmHg, and PVR > 3 Wood unit (WU). We included 875 PH patients, 619 adults, 133 pediatric idiopathic PAH (IPAH), and 123 chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) patients. We enrolled 48.4% of the incident and 51.6% of the prevalent adult and pediatric patients. PAH adults: age 43 ± 15, females 81.9%, functional class (FC) (I/II) 66.5%, 6-min walk distance (6MWD) 378 ± 112 m, mPAP 57.3 ± 19.0 mmHg, confidence interval (CI) 3.3 ± 1.5 L/min/m2, PVR 12.0 ± 8.1 WU. PAH pediatrics: age 9 ± 5, females 51.1%, FC (I/II) 85.5%, 6MWD 376 ± 103 m, mPAP 49.7 ± 13.4 mmHg, CI 2.6 ± 0.9 L/min/m2, PVR 16.4 ± 13.5 WU. CTEPH: age 44 ± 17, females 56.1%, FC (I/II) 65.5%, 6MWD 369 ± 126 m, mPAP 49.7 ± 13.4 mmHg, CI 2.6 ± 0.9 L/min/m2, PVR 10.5 + 6.5 WU. When we analyzed the IPAH group separately, it sustained a high functional class I/II incidence. REMEHIP shows better functional class in young females with severe PAH than in American and European patients. Also, PAH pediatric patients had a better functional class than other registries. However, our registry also shows that our population's access to specific pharmacologic treatments is still far from optimal.

Resveratrol Prevents Right Ventricle Dysfunction, Calcium Mishandling, and Energetic Failure via SIRT3 Stimulation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by pulmonary vessel remodeling; however, its severity and impact on survival depend on right ventricular (RV) failure. Resveratrol (RES), a polyphenol found in red wine, exhibits cardioprotective effects on RV dysfunction in PAH. However, most literature has focused on RES protective effect on lung vasculature; recent finding indicates that RES has a cardioprotective effect independent of pulmonary arterial pressure on RV dysfunction, although the underlying mechanism in RV has not been determined. Therefore, this study is aimed at evaluating sirtuin-3 (SIRT3) modulation by RES in RV using a monocrotaline- (MC-) induced PAH rat model. Myocyte function was evaluated by confocal microscopy as cell contractility, calcium signaling, and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm); cell energetics was assessed by high-resolution respirometry, and western blot and immunoprecipitation evaluated posttranslational modifications. PAH significantly affects mitochondrial function in RV; PAH is prone to mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, thus decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential. The compromised cellular energetics affects cardiomyocyte function by decreasing sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) activity and delaying myofilament unbinding, disrupting cell relaxation. RES partially protects mitochondrial integrity by deacetylating cyclophilin-D, a critical component of the mPTP, increasing SIRT3 expression and activity and preventing mPTP opening. The preserved energetic capability rescues cell relaxation by maintaining SERCA activity. Avoiding Ca2+ transient and cell contractility mismatch by preserving mitochondrial function describes, for the first time, impairment in excitation-contraction-energetics coupling in RV failure. These results highlight the importance of mitochondrial energetics and mPTP in PAH.

Resveratrol Prevents Right Ventricle Remodeling and Dysfunction in Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension with a Limited Improvement in the Lung Vasculature.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening disease that is characterized by an increase in pulmonary vascular pressure, leading to ventricular failure and high morbidity and mortality. Resveratrol, a phenolic compound and a sirtuin 1 pathway activator, has known dietary benefits and is used as a treatment for anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. Its therapeutic effects have been published in the scientific literature; however, its benefits in PAH are yet to be precisely elucidated. Using a murine model of PAH induced by monocrotaline, the macroscopic and microscopic effects of a daily oral dose of resveratrol in rats with PAH were evaluated by determining its impact on the lungs and the right and left ventricular function. While most literature has focused on smooth muscle cell mechanisms and lung pathology, our results highlight the relevance of therapy-mediated improvement of right ventricle and isolated cardiomyocyte physiology in both ventricles. Although significant differences in the pulmonary architecture were not identified either micro- or macroscopically, the effects of resveratrol on right ventricular function and remodeling were observed to be beneficial. The values for the volume, diameter, and contractility of the right ventricular cardiomyocytes returned to those of the control group, suggesting that resveratrol has a protective effect against ventricular dysfunction and pathological remodeling changes in PAH. The effect of resveratrol in the right ventricle delayed the progression of findings associated with right heart failure and had a limited positive effect on the architecture of the lungs. The use of resveratrol could be considered a future potential adjunct therapy, especially when the challenges to making a diagnosis and the current therapy limitations for PAH are taken into consideration.

Inferior vena cava filters in pulmonary embolism: A historic controversy / Filtros de vena cava inferior en tromboembolia pulmonar: Una controversia histórica

Abstract: Objective: Rationale for non-routine use of inferior venous cava filters (IVCF) in pulmonary embolism (PE) patients. Methods: Thrombosis mechanisms involved with IVCF placement and removal, the blood-contacting medical device inducing clotting, and the inorganic polyphosphate in the contact activation pathway were analyzed. In addition, we analyzed clinical evidence from randomized trials, including patients with and without cancer. Furthermore, we estimated the absolute risk reduction (ARR), the relative risk reduction (RRR), and the number needed to treat (NNT) based on the results of each study using a frequency table. Finally, we analyzed the outcome of our PE patients that were submitted to thrombolysis with short and long term follow-up. Results: IVCF induces thrombosis by several mechanisms including placement and removal, rapid protein adsorption, and simultaneous surface-induced activation via the contact activation pathway. Also, inorganic polyphosphate has an important role as a procoagulant, reversing the effect of anticoagulants. Randomized control trials included 904 cancer and non-cancer PE patients. In terms of ARR, RRR, and NNT, there is no evidence for routine use of IVCF. In 290 patients with proved PE, extensive thrombotic burden and right ventricular dysfunction under thrombolysis and oral anticoagulation, we observed a favorable outcome in a short- and long-term follow-up; additionally, IVCF was only used in 5% of these patients. Conclusion: Considering the complex mechanisms of thrombosis related with IVCF, the evidence from randomized control trials and ARR, RRR, and NNT obtained from venous thromboembolism patients with and without cancer, non-routine use of IVCF is recommended.

Resumen: Objetivo: Racionalidad para no utilizar en forma rutinaria filtros de vena cava inferior (FVCI) en pacientes con tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP). Métodos: Analizamos mecanismos de trombosis relacionados con la colocación o retiro de estos dispositivos médicos, incluyendo la importancia del polifosfato inorgánico en la vía de activación de contacto. Analizamos evidencia clínica de estudios aleatorizados controlados en pacientes con y sin cáncer. Mediante tablas de frecuencia estimamos de cada estudio reducción del riesgo absoluto (RRA) y relativo (RRR) y el número necesario a tratar (NNT). Finalmente, examinamos la evolución de nuestros pacientes con TEP llevados a trombolisis con seguimientos a corto y largo plazo. Resultados: FVCI inducen trombosis por diferentes mecanismos: colocación y retiro, adsorción rápida de proteínas y activación de superficie inducida en la vía de activación de contacto. El polifosfato inorgánico es un procoagulante importante para la anticoagulación. Estudios aleatorizados controlados incluyeron 904 pacientes con TEP con y sin cáncer. En términos de RRA, RRR y NNT no existe evidencia para el uso rutinario. En 290 pacientes con TEP probada, importante carga de trombo y disfunción del ventrículo derecho llevados a trombolisis y anticoagulación observamos una evolución favorable en seguimientos a corto y largo plazo. En estos pacientes los FVCI se utilizaron solo en el 5%. Conclusión: Considerando los mecanismos complejos de trombosis relacionados con los FVCI, la evidencia obtenida de los estudios aleatorizados y controlados, así como la RRA, RRR y NNT en pacientes con tromboembolismo venoso con y sin cáncer, no recomendamos el uso rutinario de FVCI.

Inferior vena cava filters in pulmonary embolism: A historic controversy.

OBJECTIVE: Rationale for non-routine use of inferior venous cava filters (IVCF) in pulmonary embolism (PE) patients. METHODS: Thrombosis mechanisms involved with IVCF placement and removal, the blood-contacting medical device inducing clotting, and the inorganic polyphosphate in the contact activation pathway were analyzed. In addition, we analyzed clinical evidence from randomized trials, including patients with and without cancer. Furthermore, we estimated the absolute risk reduction (ARR), the relative risk reduction (RRR), and the number needed to treat (NNT) based on the results of each study using a frequency table. Finally, we analyzed the outcome of our PE patients that were submitted to thrombolysis with short and long term follow-up. RESULTS: IVCF induces thrombosis by several mechanisms including placement and removal, rapid protein adsorption, and simultaneous surface-induced activation via the contact activation pathway. Also, inorganic polyphosphate has an important role as a procoagulant, reversing the effect of anticoagulants. Randomized control trials included 904 cancer and non-cancer PE patients. In terms of ARR, RRR, and NNT, there is no evidence for routine use of IVCF. In 290 patients with proved PE, extensive thrombotic burden and right ventricular dysfunction under thrombolysis and oral anticoagulation, we observed a favorable outcome in a short- and long-term follow-up; additionally, IVCF was only used in 5% of these patients. CONCLUSION: Considering the complex mechanisms of thrombosis related with IVCF, the evidence from randomized control trials and ARR, RRR, and NNT obtained from venous thromboembolism patients with and without cancer, non-routine use of IVCF is recommended.

Mexican registry of pulmonary hypertension REMEHIP / Registro Mexicano de Hipertensión Pulmonar REMEHIP

Abstract: Objective: REMEHIP is a prospective, multicentre registry on pulmonary hypertension. The main objective will be to identify the clinical profile, medical care, therapeutic trends and outcomes in adult and pediatric Mexican patients with well-characterized pulmonary hypertension. Methods: REMEHIP a multicenter registry began in 2015 with a planned recruitment time of 12 months and a 4-year follow-up. The study population will comprise a longitudinal cohort study, collecting data on patients with prevalent and incident pulmonary hypertension. Will be included patients of age >2 years and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension by right heart catheterization within Group 1 and Group 4 of the World Health Organization classification. The structure, data collection and data analysis will be based on quality current recommendations for registries. The protocol has been approved by institutional ethics committees in all participant centers. All patients will sign an informed consent form. Currently in Mexico, there is a need of observational registries that include patients with treatment in the everyday clinical practice so the data could be validated and additional information could be obtained versus the one from the clinical trials. In this way, REMEHIP emerges as a link among randomized clinical trials developed by experts and previous Mexican experience.

Resumen: Objetivo: REMEHIP es un registro prospectivo, multicéntrico en hipertensión pulmonar. El objetivo principal será identificar el perfil clínico, atención médica, tendencias terapéuticas y evolución en pacientes mexicanos adultos y pediátricos con hipertensión pulmonar bien caracterizada. Métodos: El REMEHIP comenzó en el año de 2015 y se planea un reclutamiento de 12 meses con un seguimiento de 4 años. La población en estudio será una cohorte longitudinal y se obtendrán datos de pacientes prevalentes e incidentes con hipertensión pulmonar. Se incluirán pacientes con edad > 2 años con diagnóstico de hipertensión pulmonar demostrado por cateterismo cardiaco derecho del Grupo 1 y Grupo 4 de la clasificación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La estructura, colección de datos y el análisis se establecerá a través de las recomendaciones actuales de calidad para los registros. El protocolo ha sido aprobado por los comités de ética de todos los centros participantes. Todos los pacientes firmarán un consentimiento informado. Actualmente en México existe una necesidad de registros observacionales que incluyan a pacientes con tratamiento en la práctica clínica cotidiana, de tal forma que los datos obtenidos podrían validarse y el resto de la información podría compararse con la derivada de los estudios clínicos. De esta forma REMEHIP surge como un vínculo entre los estudios clínicos aleatorizados conducidos por expertos y la experiencia mexicana previa.

[Thrombus in transit and submassive pulmonary thromboembolism succesfully treated with tenecteplase]. / Trombo en tránsito y tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP) submasiva tratados exitosamente con tenecteplasa (TNK).

Right heart thrombus is a slightly detectable condition. In patients presenting with acute pulmonary embolism, the finding of thrombus in transit has been associated with high in-hospital mortality. We present a case of a 50-year-old male patient with acute pulmonary embolism and a thrombus in transit in the right atrium. We took the decision to perform fibrinolysis with tenecteplase, presenting significant improvement in the clinical condition, without any complications related to the therapy. Our case demonstrates the effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy in cases of pulmonary embolism and thrombus in transit in right chambers.

Mexican registry of pulmonary hypertension: REMEHIP.

OBJECTIVE: REMEHIP is a prospective, multicentre registry on pulmonary hypertension. The main objective will be to identify the clinical profile, medical care, therapeutic trends and outcomes in adult and pediatric Mexican patients with well-characterized pulmonary hypertension. METHODS: REMEHIP a multicenter registry began in 2015 with a planned recruitment time of 12 months and a 4-year follow-up. The study population will comprise a longitudinal cohort study, collecting data on patients with prevalent and incident pulmonary hypertension. Will be included patients of age >2 years and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension by right heart catheterization within Group 1 and Group 4 of the World Health Organization classification. The structure, data collection and data analysis will be based on quality current recommendations for registries. The protocol has been approved by institutional ethics committees in all participant centers. All patients will sign an informed consent form. Currently in Mexico, there is a need of observational registries that include patients with treatment in the everyday clinical practice so the data could be validated and additional information could be obtained versus the one from the clinical trials. In this way, REMEHIP emerges as a link among randomized clinical trials developed by experts and previous Mexican experience.

Improving adjunctive treatment in pulmonary embolism and fibrinolytic therapy. The role of enoxaparin and weight-adjusted unfractionated heparin.

AIM: The role of enoxaparin and weight-adjusted unfractionated heparin (UH) as adjunct to fibrinolytic therapy in pulmonary embolism is unknown. METHODS: In a prospective, open-label, controlled multicenter trial, 80 patients with high-risk pulmonary embolism were enrolled. Forty patients received alteplase infusion plus weight-adjusted UH (24-48 h) and then enoxaparin (7 days). In control group, UH standard regimen was used. There were not differences on pulmonary embolism extension, (P 0.63) and right ventricular hypokinesis (P 0.07) in both groups. In terms of in-hospital survival (P 0.009), escalation treatment (P < 0.001) and in-hospital stay (P < 0.001) study group had better outcome than opposite group. In a 30 (P < 0.001) and 90 (P < 0.001) days follow-up pulmonary perfusion was improved in patients who received enoxaparin versus heparin alone without increasing major bleeding complications. CONCLUSION: Enoxaparin and weight-adjusted intravenous UH as adjunct to 1-h alteplase infusion improve in-hospital and follow-up outcome compared to heparin alone in high-risk PE.

Fibrinolytic therapy in left side-prosthetic valve acute thrombosis. In depth systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Limited data are available on the impact and safety of fibrinolytic therapy (FT) in left - side prosthetic valve acute thrombosis (PVAT). STUDY OBJECTIVE: To improve our knowledge about the FT role in left -side PVAT. DESIGN: Bibliographic search and analysis. METHODS: MEDLINE search from January 1970 to January 2007. Studies were classified according to the evidence level recommendations of the American College of Chest Physicians and included if they had objective diagnosis of left-side PAVT and FT efficacy assessment (hemodynamic, echocardiographic or fluoroscopic improvement). New York Heart Association class was used to establish functional state. Data on clinical characteristics, diagnosis strategy, anticoagulation status, fibrinolytic and heparin regimens, cardiovascular adverse events, outcome, and follow-up were also required. RESULTS: A systematic search produced a total of 900 references. Each abstract was analyzed according to the predetermined criteria. Thirty-two references with 904 patients constitute the subject of this analysis. Only one trial had evidence III and thirty-one evidence V. FT was more used in young female patients (64%) with prosthetic mitral valve thrombosis (77%), and clinical instability (82%). Transesophageal echocardiogram had a higher thrombus detection rate (100%). Although several fibrinolytic regimens were used in a first or second course, streptokinase was the most frequent agent (61%). Clinical improvement was observed in 86% of the patients, objective success in 78%, and failure in 14%. Rescue fibrinolysis was done in 17%. COMPLICATIONS: peripheral and cerebral embolism rate was 5% and 4%, respectively. Major bleeding 4% and intracranial hemorrhage 1%. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence demonstrates that in PVAT fibrinolytic therapy improves the outcome in younger, more ill patients, especially females, independently of the fibrinolytic regimen used with a low complications rate.

Fibrinolytic therapy in left side-prosthetic valve acute thrombosis. In depth systematic review / Terapia fibrinolítica en el corazón izquierdo

BACKGROUND: Limited data are available on the impact and safety of fibrinolytic therapy (FT) in left - side prosthetic valve acute thrombosis (PVAT). Study objective: To improve our knowledge about the FT role in left -side PVAT. DESIGN: Bibliographic search and analysis. METHODS: MEDLINE search from January 1970 to January 2007. Studies were classified according to the evidence level recommendations of the American College of Chest Physicians and included if they had objective diagnosis of left-side PAVT and FT efficacy assessment (hemodynamic, echocardiographic or fluoroscopic improvement). New York Heart Association class was used to establish functional state. Data on clinical characteristics, diagnosis strategy, anticoagulation status, fibrinolytic and heparin regimens, cardiovascular adverse events, outcome, and follow-up were also required. RESULTS: A systematic search produced a total of 900 references. Each abstract was analyzed according to the predetermined criteria. Thirty-two references with 904 patients constitute the subject of this analysis. Only one trial had evidence III and thirty-one evidence V. FT was more used in young female patients (64%) with prosthetic mitral valve thrombosis (77%), and clinical instability (82%). Transesophageal echocardiogram had a higher thrombus detection rate (100%). Although several fibrinolytic regimens were used in a first or second course, streptokinase was the most frequent agent (61%). Clinical improvement was observed in 86% of the patients, objective success in 78%, and failure in 14%. Rescue fibrinolysis was done in 17%. Complications: peripheral and cerebral embolism rate was 5% and 4%, respectively. Major bleeding 4% and intracranial hemorrhage 1%. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence demonstrates that in PVAT fibrinolytic therapy improves the outcome in younger, more ill patients, especially females, independently of the fibrinolytic regimen used with a low complications rate.

Tromboembolia pulmonar: recomendaciones terapéuticas de las guías clínicas de la Sociedad Mexicana de Cardiología / Pulmonary thromboembolism: therapy recommendations of the practice guidelines of the Mexican Society of Cardiology

Prevalence and incidence of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is very high, and in many cases, remains undiagnosed. In developed countries, it's the third cause of cardiovascular mortality, a fact that is also observed in developing countries. Within the clinical spectrum, PTE is regarded as minor and massive, in between a sub-massive PET, which is characterized by normal arterial pressure, or even hypotension, with compensated systemic perfusion and right ventricle dysfunction (RVD), with presence or not or positive biomarkers. When there is no evidence of severe pulmonary hypertension, or RVD, anticoagulation therapy stands as the pharmacological approach. When RVD is observed, pulmonary reperfusion is advised. According to the guidelines and recommendations for stratification, diagnose, and treatment of PTE, from the Pulmonary Circulation Chapter of the Mexican Society of Cardiology, evidence is established between physiopathology and the degree of vascular pulmonary obstruction.

[Pulmonary thromboembolism. Therapy recommendations of the practice guidelines of the Mexican Society of Cardiology]. / Tromboembolia pulmonar. Recomendaciones terapéuticas de las guías clínicas de la Sociedad Mexicana de Cardiología.

Prevalence and incidence of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is very high, and in many cases, remains undiagnosed. In developed countries, it's the third cause of cardiovascular mortality, a fact that is also observed in developing countries. Within the clinical spectrum, PTE is regarded as minor and massive, in between a sub-massive PET, which is characterized by normal arterial pressure, or even hypotension, with compensated systemic perfusion and right ventricle dysfunction (RVD), with presence or not or positive biomarkers. When there is no evidence of severe pulmonary hypertension, or RVD, anticoagulation therapy stands as the pharmacological approach. When RVD is observed, pulmonary reperfusion is advised. According to the guidelines and recommendations for stratification, diagnose, and treatment of PTE, from the Pulmonary Circulation Chapter of the Mexican Society of Cardiology, evidence is established between physiopathology and the degree of vascular pulmonary obstruction.

Association between beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms and asthma diagnosis among Mexican adults.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies demonstrate that genetic variations in the human beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)AR) structure at codons 16 and 27 alter receptor function in vitro and are associated with asthma severity and airway hyperresponsiveness but have not been linked to asthma diagnosis. The nature of the relation in a more homogeneous population is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: We determined frequencies of these polymorphisms to explore the association between beta(2)AR haplotypes and asthma diagnosis and phenotype. METHODS: This is a population-based, case-control study that involves a total sample of 907 unrelated Mexican Mestizos. Genotyping at beta(2)AR was identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of the association between beta(2)AR haplotype status and asthma diagnosis. RESULTS: A significant inverse association was found between subjects with Glu27 allele (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.4 to 0.7) and Gly16-Glu27 alleles (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3 to 0.8) and asthma. Sex differences in this association were explored, given the complex relation between sex and asthma. Among men, a positive association was present between the "Gly16 allele without Glu27" (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.26 to 6.8) and asthma. In contrast, a lower risk of asthma was found among women Gly16-Glu27 alleles (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2 to 0.6). Nocturnal asthma was associated with the Gly16 allele (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.6). CONCLUSIONS: Variation in the beta(2)AR gene is associated in the pathogenesis of asthma and acts as a disease modifier in nocturnal asthma.

Infarto agudo del ventrículo derecho secundario a tromboembolia pulmonar masiva / Acute right ventricular infarction secondary to massive pulmonary embolism

Las respuestas hemodinámicas y cardiovasculares a una TEP masiva son HAP grave, insuficiencia ventricular derecha y choque cardiogénico. El estado irreversible de esta última condición y la mortalidad pueden estar en relación con un infarto del ventrículo derecho secundario, entidad descrita desde 1949. Reportamos un caso clínico, en que el estudio de necropsia demostró una TEP masiva y, como hallazgo relevante, un infarto reciente del ventrículo derecho en presencia de arterias coronarias sin enfermedad aterosclerosa significativa. Se analiza la importancia del infarto del ventrículo derecho como un indicador mayor de riesgo para mortalidad, su perfil clínico y hemodinámico, así como la cascada de fenómenos isquémicos que culminan en necrosis del ventrículo derecho y en un estado de choque cardiogénico irreversible. Se subraya la importancia de la detección temprana de tal infarto para iniciar una terapéutica que logre una rápida lisis del trombo. Esto con el objeto de rescatar miocardio y preservar la viabilidad del ventrículo derecho. Este podría ser el primer caso en nuestro medio, en donde se demuestra la asociación de una TEP masiva y un infarto del ventrículo derecho, como factor determinante de mortalidad

Dosis altas e infusión rápida de estreptoquinasa para el tratamiento de tromboembolia pulmonar masiva / Rapid injection of high dosage of streptokinase in the treatment of massive pulmonaru embolism

Reportamos el caso clínico de una mujer de 65 años de edad, posiblemente sin cardiopatía ni neumopatía previas, que desarolló un episodio de tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP). El diagnóstico se estableció por la presencia de indicadores de riesgo, hallazgos clínicos, radiográficos y electrocardiográficos y por un gammagrama con defectos de perfusión segmentarios. Esta TEP se consideró masiva por datos de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, que requirió intubación traqueal y ventilación mecánica asistida, estado de choque obstructivo, datos electrocardiográficos y ecocardiográficos de sobrecarga mixta del ventrículo derecho, así como presión media de la arteria pulmonar pretrombolisis de 38 mmHg. La paciente recibió como tratamiento inicial estreptoquinasa (EQ) por vía intravenosa a dosis altas (1,500,000 UI), en infusión rápida (1 Hr), seguida de anticoagulación con heparina. Con esto se resolvió el grave deterioro cardiopulmonar y la presión media de la arteria pulmonar postrombolisis fue de 23 mmHg. En este reporte se subraya la seguridad de dosis altas de EQ en infusión rápida, la utilidad del ecocardiograma como apoyo diagnóstico en pacientes con sistema cardiopulmonar previamente sano, así como la utilidad del ECG como indicador temprano de reperfusión pulmonar. Posiblemente sea éste el primer reporte en la literatura nacional e internacional de trombolisis de TEP masiva con EQ a dosis altas e infusión rápida con éxito