Use of maltodextrin, sweet potato flour, pectin and gelatin as wall material for microencapsulating Lactiplantibacillus plantarum by spray drying: Thermal resistance, in vitro release behavior, storage stability and physicochemical properties.

Different plant products and co-products have been studied as wall materials for the microencapsulation of probiotics due to the need for new lost-cost, abundant, and natural materials. In this study, microparticles were developed by spray drying using different combinations of conventional materials such as maltodextrin, pectin, gelatin, and agar-agar with unconventional materials such as sweet potato flour to microencapsulate Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. The microparticles obtained were evaluated for encapsulation efficiency, thermal resistance, and rupture test. The most resistant microparticles were characterized and evaluated for probiotic viability during storage and survival to in vitro gastrointestinal conditions. Microparticles A (10 % maltodextrin, 5 % sweet potato flour, and 1 % pectin) and B (10 % maltodextrin, 4 % sweet potato flour, and 2 % gelatin) showed high thermal resistance (>59 %) and survival in acidic conditions (>80 %). L. plantarum in microparticles A and B remained viable with counts > 6 log CFU.g-1 for 45 days at 8 °C and -18 °C and resisted in vitro gastrointestinal conditions after processing with counts of 8.38 and 9.10 log CFU.g-1, respectively. Therefore, the selected microparticles have great potential for application in different products in the food industry, as they promote the protection and distribution of probiotic microorganisms.

Mango and carrot mixed juice: a new matrix for the vehicle of probiotic lactobacilli.

This study evaluated the pH, acidity, soluble solids, color, dietary fiber, sensory acceptance and the viability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus in mango and carrot mixed juices. In addition, this study verified the resistance of L. plantarum that presented greater viability to the gastrointestinal tract simulated in vitro. Three formulations were elaborated (varying the pulps concentration) and the products were stored at 8 °C for 35 days. No difference was found in the total soluble solids and color of the products during storage time at 8 °C. A reduction in pH and an increase in acidity were observed in all samples during storage, probably due to the fermentative action of probiotics, which negatively influenced acceptance after 35 days of storage. On the other hand, juices with a higher concentration of mango pulp were more accepted and may be a strategy to improve the acceptance of fermented juices. Microorganisms showed greater viability in juices that had higher amount of carrot pulp, probably due to the higher fiber content in these samples. During the 35-day shelf life, all juices with L. plantarum maintained counts above 7 log CFU mL-1 after gastrointestinal conditions simulation. Therefore, mango and carrot mixed juice showed to be as a good vehicle for probiotic bacteria and meets the needs of consumers looking for functional, healthy, non-dairy and low-sugar foods.

Inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis on cherry tomatoes by ultrasound, lactic acid, detergent, and silver nanoparticles.

Ultrasound (US) combined with chemical agents could represent an effective method for decontaminating fruits and vegetables. This study aimed to evaluate the use of US (40 kHz for 5 min) alone or with 1% lactic acid (LA), 1% commercial detergent (DET), or 6 mg/L silver nanoparticles (AgNP, average diameter 100 nm) as an alternative treatment to 200 mg/L sodium dichloroisocyanurate for inactivating Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis present on cherry tomatoes. The interfacial tension between sanitizing solutions and bacterial adhesion was investigated. Sanitizers in solutions with DET and AgNP had lower surface tension. All treatments, except that with DET, reduced Salmonella Enteritidis by more than one logarithmic cycle. There was no significant difference between the mean values of log colony-forming units (CFU)/g reduction in all treatments. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the loss of the Salmonella Enteritidis capsule following treatment with US and with US + LA. Salmonella Enteritidis counts (2.29 log CFU/g) in cherry tomatoes were markedly reduced to safe levels by treatment with the combination of AgNP and US + LA (2.37 log CFU/g).

Use of gelatin and gum arabic for microencapsulation of probiotic cells from Lactobacillus plantarum by a dual process combining double emulsification followed by complex coacervation.

The objectives of this study were i) to microencapsulate probiotic cells of Lactobacillus plantarum through a dual process consisting of emulsification followed by complex coacervation using gelatin and gum arabic, ii) to characterize the lyophilized microcapsules, iii) to evaluate their behavior in simulated in vitro gastrointestinal conditions and iv) to evaluate the survival of microencapsulated probiotic cells during 45 days of storage at 8 °C, 25 °C and -18 °C. The optimized conditions for complex coacervation consisted of a 50:50 biopolymer ratio and pH = 4.0. Emulsification was followed by complex coacervation using gelatin and gum arabic. The microcapsules presented dispersibility of 0.183 ±â€¯0.17 g·mL-1, moisture content of 4.5%, water activity of 0.34 ±â€¯0.03 and hygroscopicity of 9.20 ±â€¯0.43 g of absorbed water per 100 g. Their size ranged from 66.07 ±â€¯3.04 µm to 105.66 ±â€¯3.24 µm. Viability of the encapsulated L. plantarum cells was 8.6 log CFU·g-1 and the encapsulation efficiency was 97.78%. After in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal conditions, viability of the encapsulated cells was 80.4% whereas it was only 25.0% for the free cells at 37 °C. Probiotic cell viability was maintained during storage at 8 °C and - 18 °C for 45 days.

In vitro and in vivo resistance of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG carried by a mixed pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merril) and jussara (Euterpe edulis Martius) juice to the gastrointestinal tract.

This study evaluated the viability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and its in vitro and in vivo resistance to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) when carried by a mixed fermented pineapple and jussara juice. The effects of product ingestion on the biochemical characteristics of the blood and on the development of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in Wistar rats were also determined. The LGG viability in probiotic juice was higher than 7.2 log CFU/mL throughout 28 days at 8 °C. The mean count of the probiotic microorganism in the fecal samples of the rats was 5.6 log CFU/g, identical to the count at the end of the in vitro trial (enteric phase II), indicating that the mixed pineapple and jussara juice was an excellent vehicle for LGG. No difference (p > .05) was verified to ACF among the groups. However, the results for the probiotic culture viability and its in vitro and in vivo resistance to the gastrointestinal tract suggest that this juice is an excellent carrier matrix for LGG and contributed to a reduction in the levels of the LDL (low density lipoprotein) fraction of the blood cholesterol, thus being an aid in the control of coronary diseases.

Anti-inflammatory activity of polyphenolics from açai (Euterpe oleracea Martius) in intestinal myofibroblasts CCD-18Co cells.

The demand for tropical fruits high in polyphenolics including açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) has been increasing based on ascribed health benefits and antioxidant properties. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory activities of açai polyphenolics in human colon myofibroblastic CCD-18Co cells to investigate the suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory proteins. Non-cytotoxic concentrations of açai extract, 1-5 mg gallic acid equivalent L(-1), were selected. The generation of ROS was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and açai extract partially reversed this effect to 0.53-fold of the LPS-control. Açai extract (5 mg GAE L(-1)) down-regulated LPS-induced mRNA-expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α (to 0.42-fold), cyclooxygenase 2, COX-2 (to 0.61-fold), toll-like receptor-4, TLR-4 (to 0.52-fold), TNF receptor-associated factor 6, TRAF-6 (to 0.64-fold), nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB (to 0.76-fold), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, VCAM-1 (to 0.71-fold) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1, ICAM-1 (to 0.68-fold). The protein levels of COX-2, TLR-4, p-NF-κB and ICAM-1 were induced by LPS and the açai extract partially reversed this effect in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest the anti-inflammatory effect of açai polyphenolic extract in intestinal cells are at least in part mediated through the inhibition of ROS and the expression of TLR-4 and NF-κB. Results indicate the potential for açai polyphenolics in the prevention of intestinal inflammation.

Pro-apoptotic activities of polyphenolics from açai (Euterpe oleracea Martius) in human SW-480 colon cancer cells.

This study aimed to evaluate the cell growth inhibition activity of açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) polyphenolic extract against colon cancer HT-29 and SW-480 cells and the nonmalignant CCD-18Co colon fibroblast cells. Results showed that açai polyphenolic extract (5-20 mg/L) inhibited preferentially the growth of SW-480 cells with no toxicity in CCD-18Co cells, and this was accompanied by reduction of H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The mechanisms involved in SW-480 cell growth-inhibition by açai polyphenolic extract included the downregulation of NF-κB proinflammatory transcription factor and the nuclear factor-kappa B targets intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Furthermore, prooncogenic specificity proteins (Sp) were downregulated as well as Sp-targets Bcl-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and survivin. This was accompanied by activation of mitochondrial proapoptotic pathway involving increase of cytochrome c, cleavage of caspase-3, and decrease of PARP-1. Results strongly suggest that açai polyphenolic extract has antiinflammatory and cytotoxic activities in colon cancer cells and can be effective as natural colon cancer chemopreventive agents.

Cinética de degradação e vida-de-prateleira de suco integral de manga / Kinetics of degradation and shelf-life of whole mango juice

Este trabalho objetivou estudar a cinética de degradação de suco integral manga Ubá por testes acelerados e estimar sua vida-de-prateleira a 25°C. Para isso, amostras do produto foram armazenadas em estufas tipo BOD a 25, 35 e 45°C, providas de iluminação (650lux) 24 horas por dia. As características físico-químicas que mais influenciaram na qualidade do produto foram as coordenadas de cor (L* e ∆E*) e a concentração de vitamina C. A alteração da cor seguiu o modelo cinético de ordem zero, sendo verificado um escurecimento dos produtos mantidos a 35°C e 45°C, enquanto que a degradação da vitamina C foi mais bem explicada pelo modelo de primeira ordem. Houve correlação significativa entre a concentração de vitamina C e os valores de L* e ∆E* (P<0,01), sugerindo que a degradação dessa vitamina influenciou no escurecimento do produto. Uma vida-de-prateleira de 190 dias foi estimada para o suco integral de manga, a 25°C, utilizando a concentração de vitamina C como parâmetro de qualidade.

This research aimed to study the kinetic of whole mango juice cv. 'Ubá' degradation using accelerated assays and estimate its shelf-life at 25°C. The products were stored in BOD incubator at 25°C (control), 35°C and 45°C (accelerated conditions), provided with 24 hours a day 650lux lighting. Physico-chemical properties that most influenced the quality of the product were the color coordinates (L* and ∆E*) and the vitamin C content. It was found that zero order kinetic model was the best fit to variations in the values of L* and ∆E*, which showed browning of products stored under higher temperatures. There were significant correlations between changes in vitamin C content and changes in values of L* and ∆E*, suggesting that the degradation of this vitamin contributed to darkening of the product. Shelf-life of 190 days was estimated for whole mango juice stored at 25°C, using vitamin C content as the limiting quality.

Concentrado proteico do soro melhora a qualidade sensorial de sobremesa láctea diet / Whey protein concentrate improves the sensory quality of free-fat dairy desserts

Alimentos isentos ou de baixo nível de gordura constituem um desafio para a indústria de alimentos. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da adição de concentrado proteico de soro (CPS) nas características sensoriais e aceitabilidade de sobremesas lácteas sem gordura. Quatro formulações foram desenvolvidas com diferentes concentrações de CPS (0%, 1,5%, 3,0% e 4,5% m v-1) e caracterizadas sensorialmente por meio da Análise Descritiva. A aceitabilidade das formulações foi avaliada por 94 consumidores que utilizaram escala hedônica de nove pontos. As sobremesas foram caracterizadas por oito atributos sensoriais: cor, firmeza, resistência ao corte, brilho, consistência, gomosidade, aroma e sabor de baunilha. As formulações contendo 3,0 e 4,5% de CPS apresentaram maior intensidade de todos os atributos sensoriais. A adição de CPS foi efetiva na composição da textura das sobremesas lácteas diet, além de realçar a cor, sabor e aroma do produto. As formulações contendo 1,5 e 3,0% de CPS foram as mais aceitas, evidenciando que a utilização do CPS nessas concentrações favoreceu a aceitabilidade do produto, proporcionando características sensoriais agradáveis aos consumidores.

Foods free or low-fat constituted are a challenge for the food industry. Thus, the objective of this research was to study the effect of the addition of whey protein concentrate (WPC) in the sensory profile and acceptability of dairy desserts free-fat. Four formulations had been developed with different WPC concentrations (0%, 1.5%, 3.0% or 4.5%, mass%) and sensory characterized by Descriptive Analysis. The acceptability of the formulations was evaluated by 94 consumers who had used the nine-point hedonic scale. Dairy desserts were characterized by eight sensory attributes: color, firmness, resistance to cut, brightness, thickness, gumminess, aroma and vanilla flavor. The formulations containing 3.0 and 4.5% of WPC presented greater intensity of all the attributes. The addition of WPC was effective in the composition of the texture of free-fat dairy desserts and enhances color, flavor and aroma of the product. The formulations with 1.5 and 3.0% WPC had been most accepted, showing that the use of WPC in these concentrations favored the acceptability of the product, providing pleasant sensory characteristics to consumers.

Comportamento reológico de bebidas mistas de cajá e manga adicionadas de prebióticos / Rheological behavior of mixed drinks of caja and mango added prebiotics

A adição de prebióticos em sucos de frutas vem sendo realizadaobjetivando a agregação de propriedades funcionais a essesalimentos, cuja caracterização é fundamental para a engenhariade processos, estruturação de equipamentos, bem como paraa qualifi cação de tais propriedades. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o comportamento reológico de bebidas mistas de cajá e manga, adicionadas de inulina e frutoligossacarídeos à temperatura de 25ºC. As medidas experimentais foram realizadas em reômetro rotacional de cilindros concêntricos e as curvas de escoamentoajustadas aos modelos de Ostwald-de-Waelle, Herschel Bulkley, Bingham e Mizrahi e Berk. O modelo de Herschel Bulkley ajustouse melhor aos dados reológicos, tendo as bebidas apresentadocomportamento não newtoniano, com caráter pseudoplástico.

Desenvolvimento de um suco misto de manga, goiaba e acerola utilizando delineamento de misturas / Development of a mixed juice of mango, guava and acerola using mixture design

No âmbito dos alimentos recomendados para redução do risco de desenvolver doenças e para melhoria da qualidade de vida, estão as frutas e seus derivados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um suco misto de manga, goiaba e acerola, com aceitação sensorial, utilizando delineamento de mistura para determinar as proporções das polpas. Em cada tratamento, essas proporções, foram definidas segundo um delineamento de mistura simplex aumentado de 10 tratamentos. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas, tais como: pH, sólidos solúveis (oBrix), acidez titulável, relação de sólidos solúveis (SST)/acidez titulável (ATT), teor de vitamina C e análise sensorial. Com base nos resultados, verificou-se que todas as formulações, obtidas a partir de manga, goiaba e acerola, foram aceitas pelos consumidores. As polpas de goiaba e manga deveriam participar numa maior proporção da mistura, pois favoreceram a aceitação. A polpa de acerola, mesmo em menor proporção, contribuiu para o aumento do teor de vitamina C. As formulações com maior proporção de manga apresentaram maiores valores de pH. Maiores proporções de acerola contribuíram para maiores valores de acidez titulável. As formulações que continham maiores proporções de goiaba geraram maiores valores da relação SST/ATT.

In the context of recommended foods to reduce the risk of developing diseases and to improve the quality of life, are the fruits and their derivatives. This study aimed to develop a mixed juice of mango, guava and acerola, with acceptability sensory, using experimental blending to determine the optimal proportions of pulps. In each treatment, these proportions have been defined determined according to a design blending simplex increased by 10 treatments. Were performed physicochemical analyses such as: pH, soluble solids (°Brix), acidity, vitamin C content and sensory analysis. Based on the results, it was found that all the formulations derived from mango, guava and acerola were accepted by consumers. The pulp of guava and mango should participate in a greater proportion of the mix, since they promote acceptance. The pulp of acerola, even in a smaller proportion, contributed to the increase in content of vitamin C.

Campo elétrico pulsado / Pulsed electric field

Campos elétricos pulsados de alta intensidade (CEPAI) constituem um método não-térmico de conservação para alimentos em substituição à pasteurização tradicional. Em comparação ao processamento térmico, os CEPAI, além de serem eficientes na eliminação de micro-organismos e na inativação de enzimas, também minimizam as perdas de sabor, cor, textura, nutrientes e componentes termolábeis dos alimentos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi levantar dados bibliográficos atuais sobre o tema CEPAI, abordando: definição do processo, instalação experimental, efeito da ruptura dielétrica do alimento, efeito sobre micro-organismo, enzimas e constituintes dos alimentos. Os dados encontrados na literatura apontam o tratamento por CEPAI como alternativa promissora para a conservação de alimentos, podendo ser utilizado como tecnologia única ou como complemento aos processamentos térmicos.

Pulsed electric fields of high intensity (HIPEF) is a non-thermal food conservation to replace traditional thermal pasteurization. Compared to thermal processing, the HIPEF as well as being effective in removing microorganisms and inactivate enzymes also minimize the loss of flavor, color, texture, nutrients and labile components of food. The aim of this work was to gather bibliographic data current HIPEF on the subject, covering: experimental setup, effects of dielectric breakdown of food, effect on microorganisms, enzymes and constituents of food. The data found in the literature indicate treatment of HIPEF as a promising alternative for food conservation and it could be used as a single technology or in addition to thermal processing.

Indicação geográfica de alimentos e bebidas no Brasil e na União Europeia / Geographical indication of food and beverages in Brazil and European Union

Entre os direitos relativos à propriedade intelectual, a indicação geográfica (IG) surge como um meio de fomentar o desenvolvimento socioeconômico de uma sociedade. Alguns países, especialmente os europeus, há tempos vêm utilizando a proteção jurídica proporcionada pelo registro das IGs como forma de tornar seus produtos mais competitivos e desenvolver regiões menos favorecidas. No Brasil, o tema é, ainda, recente e necessita ser melhor compreendido, razão pela qual é abordado nesta revisão.

Among rights related to intellectual property, the geographical indication (GI) comes up as mean to stimulate the socioeconomic development of a society. Some countries, especially in Europe, for long have been using legal protection provided by GI certification as a way to make their products more competitive, contributing to the development of less favored regions. In Brazil, the subject is, still, recent and needs to be studied in order to be better understood. This justifies a comprehensive review.

Avaliação tecnológica da extração alcoólica no processamento de licor de banana / Technological evaluation of alcoholic extraction in the processing of banana liqueur

Neste trabalho objetivou-se estabelecer a proporção de banana, a composição da solução extratora, bem como o tempo de extração para produzir licor com qualidade. Efetuou-se experimento fatorial com tres quantidades de polpa de banana (500, 800 e 1100 g de banana para produção de 4 L de licor) e dois teores alcoólicos da solução extratora (70 e 95ºGL). O processo de extração foi estudado durante 21 dias em que se analisaram as coordenadas de cor, pH, teor de sólidos solúveis e dendidade a 20ºC do extrato. O licor jovem foi caracterizado e submetido à análise sensorial após 45 dias de envelhecimento. O tempo de 16 dias mostrou-se suficiente para finalizar a etapa de extração, evidenciando que o tempo de infusão deve ser de 15 a 16 dias. A solução extratora com teor alcoólico de 95ºGL apresentou melhores resultados, principalmente no que se refere à cor final do produto e facilidade na filtração. Como não houve diferença significativa entre as quantidades de polpa de banana optou-se pela menor proporção em razão de fatores econômicos. Portanto, a utilização de 500 g de polpa de banana é suficiente para produzir 4 L de licor