Experiential Learning in Patient Safety: A Multi-Center Study Examining Emergency Medicine Residents' Situational Awareness of Hazards via Simulation.

Introduction The 2016 Clinical Learning Environment Review established that experiential patient safety curricula for residents are uncommon. Moreover, these curricula do not incorporate non-technical skills linked to safety, such as situational awareness (SA). We developed an in-situ patient safety simulation exercise incorporating core SA concepts and subsequently assessed exercise feasibility and acceptability, and measured residents' safety SA. Methods A simulation scenario and mock chart were designed, incorporating 16 patient safety hazards. Residents at two institutions reviewed the chart and had 10 minutes in an emergency department room with the simulated scenario to document identified hazards, followed by a facilitated debriefing. Pre- and post-exercise surveys were completed. We used regression analyses to compare exercise performance and survey responses by training year, and measures of proportional difference and association for survey responses. Results This study included 76 of 104 eligible residents (73.1%). Around 56.5% initially reported being comfortable identifying hazards. During the exercise, hazards requiring higher SA were identified less frequently. Senior residents identified more hazards (OR 2.26; 95%CI 1.56-3.28) (mean 8.28, SD1.45); 93.4% expressed satisfaction with the session, and residents reporting comfort increased significantly (89.5%, p<0.001). Conclusion In-situ simulation incorporating SA concepts feasibly provides experiential safety education and enhances resident comfort with safety issues. Visible hazards were often identified; those requiring information synthesis were usually missed, suggesting a need for developing more robust resident SA. While interns demonstrated the poorest performance, senior residents only identified 50% of errors, indicating that patient safety education enhancing SA should begin early and continue longitudinally.

Social determinants of health associated with hemodialysis non-adherence and emergency department utilization: a pilot observational study.

BACKGROUND: Dialysis patients who miss treatments are twice as likely to visit emergency departments (EDs) compared to adherent patients; however, prospective studies assessing ED use after missed treatments are limited. This interdisciplinary pilot study aimed to identify social determinants of health (SDOH) associated with missing hemodialysis (HD) and presenting to the ED, and describe resource utilization associated with such visits. METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study with a convenience sample of patients presenting to the ED after missing HD (cases); patients at local dialysis centers identified as HD-compliant by their nephrologists served as matched controls. Patients were interviewed with validated instruments capturing associated risk factors, including SDOH. ED resource utilization by cases was determined by chart review. Chi-square tests and ANOVA were used to detect statistically significant group differences. RESULTS: All cases visiting the ED had laboratory and radiographic studies; 40% needed physician-performed procedures. Mean ED length of stay (LOS) for cases was 17 h; 76% of patients were admitted with average LOS of 6 days. Comparing 25 cases and 24 controls, we found no difference in economic stability, educational attainment, health literacy, family support, or satisfaction with nephrology care. However, cases were more dependent on public transport for dialysis (p = 0.03). Despite comparable comorbidity burdens, cases were more likely to have impaired mobility, physical limitations, and higher severity of pain and depression. (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ED visits after missed HD resulted in elevated LOS and admission rates. Frequently-cited SDOH such as health literacy did not confer significant risk for missing HD. However, pain, physical limitations, and depression were higher among cases. Community-specific collaborations between EDs and dialysis centers would be valuable in identifying risk factors specific to missed HD and ED use, to develop strategies to improve treatment adherence and reduce unnecessary ED utilization.

Detecting aberrant opioid behavior in the emergency department: a prospective study using the screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain-Revised (SOAPP®-R), Current Opioid Misuse Measure (COMM)™, and provider gestalt.

Emergency department (ED) providers have limited time to evaluate patients at risk for opioid misuse. A validated tool to assess the risk for aberrant opioid behavior may mitigate adverse sequelae associated with prescription opioid misuse. We sought to determine if SOAPP-R, COMM, and provider gestalt were able to identify patients at risk for prescription opioid misuse as determined by pharmacy records at 12 months. We conducted a prospective observational study of adult patients in a high volume US ED. Patients completed the SOAPP-R and COMM, and treating EM providers evaluated patients' opioid misuse risk. We performed variable-centered, person-centered, and hierarchical cluster analyses to determine whether provider gestalt, SOAPP-R, or COMM, or a combination, predicted higher misuse risk. The primary outcome was the number of opioid prescriptions at 12 months according to pharmacy records. For 169 patients (mean age 43 years, 51% female, 73% white), correlation analysis showed a strong relationship between SOAPP-R and COMM with predicting the number of opioid prescriptions dispensed at 12 months. Provider scores estimating opioid misuse were not related to SOAPP-R and only weakly associated with COMM. In our adjusted regression models, provider gestalt and SOAPP-R uniquely predicted opioid prescriptions at 6 and 12 months. Using designated cutoff scores, only SOAPP-R detected a difference in the number of opioid prescriptions. Cluster analysis revealed that provider gestalt, SOAPP-R, and COMM scores jointly predicted opioid prescriptions. Provider gestalt and self-report instruments uniquely predicted the number of opioid prescriptions in ED patients. A combination of gestalt and self-assessment scores can be used to identify at-risk patients who otherwise miss the cutoff scores for SOAPP-R and COMM.

Self-reported dietary supplement use in deployed United States service members pre-deployment vs. during deployment, Afghanistan, 2013-2014.

BACKGROUND: Dietary supplement use (protein/amino acids, weight-loss supplements, performance enhancers) is common among U.S. military members. Reported dietary supplement use in deployed troops is limited and is of concern in settings where troops are exposed to high ambient temperatures, increased physical demands, and dehydration. Our objective was to describe dietary supplement use and adverse events (AEs) among deployed U.S. service members compared with their pre-deployment use. METHODS: We conducted an institutional review board (IRB) approved, descriptive study in Afghanistan using a written questionnaire and collected demographic information, dietary supplement use before and during deployment, AEs associated with supplement use, and physical workout routines. Participants were U.S. military personnel of all branches of service deployed to Afghanistan. They were recruited in high-traffic areas in the combat theater. We analyzed the data with descriptive statistics. Paired t-test/Wilcoxon signed-rank test was conducted to examine the before/during deployment changes for continuous data, and McNemar's chi-square test was conducted for categorical data. We constructed separate logistic regression models to determine the best predictors of increases or decreases in dietary supplement use, with demographic information, reasons for using supplements, and education requested/received as covariates in each model. All statistical tests were two-sided at a significance level of 5% (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Data were collected on 1685 participants. Ninety-seven of the participants were in the Army or Air Force. The participants were more likely to work out daily or more than once a day during deployment. Thirty-five percent of the participants reported no supplement use before or during deployment. The remaining 65% of participants reported increased use and increased frequency of use of supplements (e.g., daily) during deployment compared with pre-deployment. Additionally, more people followed label instructions strictly during deployment vs. pre-deployment. Overall, the frequency of self-reported AEs among supplement users remained consistent before and during deployment. The only significant difference noted was in problems falling or staying asleep, which increased during deployment. In the adjusted logistic regression models, the level of formal education, military branch, occupational specialty, education about dietary supplements, and certain reasons for using supplements (to boost energy, lose weight, gain muscle strength and mass, and as a meal replacement) were significant predictors of changes in supplement use. CONCLUSION: Deployed U.S. service members were more likely to use dietary supplements, use more than one supplement and use supplements more frequently during deployment than pre-deployment. No serious AEs were reported, but problems falling or staying asleep increased during deployment.

Emergency medicine providers' opioid prescribing practices stratified by gender, age, and years in practice.

BACKGROUND: Emergency medicine providers (EMPs) prescribe about 25% of opioids, but the effect of EMP risk perception on decisions to prescribe opioids is unknown. This study was undertaken to identify factors that influence EMP risk and opioid prescribing practices. METHODS: We distributed an anonymous questionnaire to EMPs at a military trauma and referral center. Response frequencies and distributions were assessed for independence using the Chi-square test. RESULTS: Eighty-nine EMPs completed the questionnaire (100% response). Respondents were primarily younger male physicians (80%) in practice under five years (55%). Male EMPs were more likely to prescribe more opioid tablets than female ones both when and when not concerned for opioid misuse (P<0.001, P<0.007, respectively). Of the providers, 70% stated that patient age would influence their prescribing decisions. Hydrocodone and oxycodone were the opioids prescribed most frequently. About 60% of the providers reported changing their prescribing behavior would not prevent opioid misuse. Additionally, 40% of the providers believed at least 10% of patients seen at this military ED misused opioids. CONCLUSION: Female EM providers reported prescribing fewer opioid tablets. Patient age influenced prescribing behavior, but the effect is unknown. Finally, EM providers reported that altering their prescribing behavior would not prevent prescription opioid misuse.

Pain management and opioid risk mitigation in the military.

Opioid analgesics misuse is a significant military health concern recognized as a priority issue by military leadership. Opioids are among those most commonly prescribed medications in the military for pain management. The military has implemented opioid risk mitigation strategies, including the Sole Provider Program and the Controlled Drug Management Analysis and Reporting Tool, which are used to identify and monitor for risk and misuse. However, there are substantial opportunities to build on these existing systems to better ensure safer opioid prescribing and monitor for misuse. Opioid risk mitigation strategies implemented by the civilian sector include establishing clinical guidelines for opioid prescribing and prescription monitoring programs. These strategies may help to inform opioid risk mitigation in the military health system. Reducing the risk of opioid misuse and improving quality of care for our Warfighters is necessary. This must be done through evidence-based approaches with an investment in research to improve patient care and prevent opioid misuse as well as its sequelae.

Femoral neck stress fracture in Air Force basic trainees.

Stress fractures are a common overuse problem among military trainees resulting in preventable morbidity, prolonged training, and long-term disability following military service. Femoral neck stress fractures (FNSFs) account for 2% of all stress fractures but result in disproportionate burden in terms of cost and convalescence. The purpose of this study was to describe and investigate FNSF in U.S. Air Force basic trainees and to present new data on risks factors for developing FNSF. We examined 47 cases of FNSF occurring in Air Force basic trainees between 2008 and 2011 and 94 controls using a matched case-control model. Analysis with t tests and conditional logistic regression found the risk of FNSF was not associated with body mass index or abdominal circumference. Female gender (p < 0.001) and slower run time significantly increased risk of FNSF (1.49 OR, p < 0.001; 95% CI 1.19-1.86). A greater number of push-up and sit-up repetitions significantly reduced risk of FNSF (0.55 OR, p = 0.03; 95% CI 0.32-0.93; 0.62 OR, p = 0.04; 95% CI 0.4-0.98) for females. In this study body mass index was not correlated with FNSF risk; however, physical fitness level on arrival to training and female gender were significantly associated with risk of FNSF.

Characterization of voice disorders in deployed and nondeployed US army soldiers.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To evaluate voice disorder differences between deployed and nondeployed US army soldiers. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: More than 1.3 million health records of active duty US army soldiers with no history of dysphonia were queried for voice disorder diagnoses over a 3.5-year period. A sample of 292 soldiers was further evaluated for known factors linked to dysphonia. RESULTS: US army soldiers were 1.13 times more likely to have a diagnosis of dysphonia if they were deployed. Risk factors and exposures common to patients with dysphonia were not statistically different between deployed and nondeployed soldiers. Additionally, the type of dysphonia diagnosis was not significantly different between deployed and nondeployed soldiers. CONCLUSIONS: US army soldiers deployed to war zones are more likely to be diagnosed with dysphonia. None of the reviewed parameters accounted for the difference in dysphonia rate between deployed and nondeployed soldiers, suggesting that occupational exposures of deployed soldiers account for the increase in the diagnoses of dysphonia.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among US women of childbearing age.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among US women of childbearing age (18-44 years) has increased since 1988 and to estimate its current prevalence by race/ethnicity and risk that a maternal history of select metabolic syndrome characteristics imposes on offspring. METHODS: We used survey-specific data analysis methods to examine data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted from 1988 to 2004. RESULTS: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome phenotype and 2 of its clinical correlates significantly increased between 1988 and 2004 (increase for metabolic syndrome phenotype=7.6%, for obesity=13.3%, and for elevated C-reactive protein=10.6%; P < .001 for all 3). Hispanic women were more likely than were White women to possess the phenotype (P = .004). Women who reported that their mothers had been diagnosed with diabetes were more likely to possess the phenotype than those whose mothers had not been so diagnosed (odds ratio=1.9; 95% confidence interval=1.3, 2.8). CONCLUSIONS: The current trends of metabolic syndrome among women of childbearing age demonstrate the need for additional rigorous investigations regarding its long-term effects in these women and their offspring.

Gene-environment interactions in the development of complex disease phenotypes.

The lack of knowledge about the earliest events in disease development is due to the multi-factorial nature of disease risk. This information gap is the consequence of the lack of appreciation for the fact that most diseases arise from the complex interactions between genes and the environment as a function of the age or stage of development of the individual. Whether an environmental exposure causes illness or not is dependent on the efficiency of the so-called "environmental response machinery" (i.e., the complex of metabolic pathways that can modulate response to environmental perturbations) that one has inherited. Thus, elucidating the causes of most chronic diseases will require an understanding of both the genetic and environmental contribution to their etiology. Unfortunately, the exploration of the relationship between genes and the environment has been hampered in the past by the limited knowledge of the human genome, and by the inclination of scientists to study disease development using experimental models that consider exposure to a single environmental agent. Rarely in the past were interactions between multiple genes or between genes and environmental agents considered in studies of human disease etiology. The most critical issue is how to relate exposure-disease association studies to pathways and mechanisms. To understand how genes and environmental factors interact to perturb biological pathways to cause injury or disease, scientists will need tools with the capacity to monitor the global expression of thousands of genes, proteins and metabolites simultaneously. The generation of such data in multiple species can be used to identify conserved and functionally significant genes and pathways involved in gene-environment interactions. Ultimately, it is this knowledge that will be used to guide agencies such as the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in decisions regarding biomedical research funding and policy.

Community urbanization and hospitalization of adults for asthma.

Asthma research has traditionally focused on children and the elderly, the two populations considered most susceptible to complications. The prevalence of asthma in the adult population (19-64 years of age) is, however, gaining recognition as a formidable clinical and public health problem. Few studies have compared the incidence of adult asthma hospitalizations in urban and nonurban areas. The study reported here, using population size, population density, and traffic-related factors to define urban versus nonurban environments, selected six Pennsylvania counties to test the hypothesis that the degree of urbanization influences the asthma hospitalization rate for adults. The study group comprised adults 19-64 years of age who were hospitalized for asthma (as the primary diagnosis) from 1999 to 2001. To define urbanization in relation to traffic, the study used daily vehicular traffic count and miles of roads/highways for each of the six counties. The authors found a decrease in the adult asthma hospitalization rate as urbanization decreased in some of the counties. For other counties, however, the rate increased as urbanization decreased. The counties in which the latter was observed had depressed measures of socioeconomic status. These findings suggest that depressed socioeconomic conditions may supersede exposure to traffic-related pollution as a factor associated with asthma hospitalizations.