Antibacterial activity of Nocardia spp. and Streptomyces sp. on multidrug-resistant pathogens causing neonatal sepsis.

Neonatal sepsis leads to severe morbidity and occasionally death among neonates within the first week following birth, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Empirical therapy includes antibiotics recommended by WHO. However, these have been ineffective against antimicrobial multidrug-resistant bacterial strains such as Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus species. To counter this problem, new molecules and alternative sources of compounds with antibacterial activity are sought as options. Actinobacteria, particularly pathogenic strains, have revealed a biotechnological potential still underexplored. This study aimed to determine the presence of biosynthetic gene clusters and the antimicrobial activity of actinobacterial strains isolated from clinical cases against multidrug-resistant bacteria implicated in neonatal sepsis. In total, 15 strains isolated from clinical cases of actinomycetoma were used. PCR screening for the PKS-I, PKS-II, NRPS-I, and NRPS-II biosynthetic systems determined their secondary metabolite-producing potential. The strains were subsequently assayed for antimicrobial activity by the perpendicular cross streak method against Escherichia fergusonii Sec 23, Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae H1064, Klebsiella variicola H776, Klebsiella oxytoca H793, and Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae H7595, previously classified as multidrug-resistant. Finally, the strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. It was found that 100% of the actinobacteria had biosynthetic systems. The most frequent biosynthetic system was NRPS-I (100%), and the most frequent combination was NRPS-I and PKS-II (27%). All 15 strains showed antimicrobial activity. The strain with the highest antimicrobial activity was Streptomyces albus 94.1572, as it inhibited the growth of the five multidrug-resistant bacteria evaluated.

Antibacterial activity of Nocardia spp. and Streptomyces sp. on multidrug-resistant pathogens causing neonatal sepsis

ABSTRACT Neonatal sepsis leads to severe morbidity and occasionally death among neonates within the first week following birth, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Empirical therapy includes antibiotics recommended by WHO. However, these have been ineffective against antimicrobial multidrug-resistant bacterial strains such as Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus species. To counter this problem, new molecules and alternative sources of compounds with antibacterial activity are sought as options. Actinobacteria, particularly pathogenic strains, have revealed a biotechnological potential still underexplored. This study aimed to determine the presence of biosynthetic gene clusters and the antimicrobial activity of actinobacterial strains isolated from clinical cases against multidrug-resistant bacteria implicated in neonatal sepsis. In total, 15 strains isolated from clinical cases of actinomycetoma were used. PCR screening for the PKS-I, PKS-II, NRPS-I, and NRPS-II biosynthetic systems determined their secondary metabolite-producing potential. The strains were subsequently assayed for antimicrobial activity by the perpendicular cross streak method against Escherichia fergusonii Sec 23, Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae H1064, Klebsiella variicola H776, Klebsiella oxytoca H793, and Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae H7595, previously classified as multidrug-resistant. Finally, the strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. It was found that 100% of the actinobacteria had biosynthetic systems. The most frequent biosynthetic system was NRPS-I (100%), and the most frequent combination was NRPS-I and PKS-II (27%). All 15 strains showed antimicrobial activity. The strain with the highest antimicrobial activity was Streptomyces albus 94.1572, as it inhibited the growth of the five multidrug-resistant bacteria evaluated.

Cedrela domatifolia (Meliaceae), un nuevo registro de cedro para el Perú

Cedrela domatifolia W. Palacios es registrada por primera vez para Perú en el valle de Chanchamayo, departamento de Junín. Con esta adición se elevan a 11 especies del género Cedrela (Meliaceae) en el Perú. La característica vegetativa más resaltante de C. domatifolia son los domacios prominentes, situados en las axilas de los nervios secundarios de las láminas por el envés. En caracteres florales, los pétalos son de color rojo a fucsia, una característica no común en el género.

A new record of Cedrela domatifolia W. Palacios is presented in Chanchamayo Valley, department of Junin, which adds to 11 the number of Cedrela (Meliaceae) species recorded in Peru. The most notorious vegetative character of the species are the prominent domatia in the axils of the secondary nerves of blades. At floral characters, the petals are red to fuchsia, an uncommon feature in the genus.

Emergence of Raoultella ornithinolytica in human infections from different hospitals in Ecuador with OXA-48-producing resistance.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to highlight the clinical and molecular features of 13 Raoultella ornithinolytica strains isolated from clinical environments in Ecuador, and to perform comparative genomics with previously published genomes of Raoultella spp. As Raoultella is primarily found in environmental, clinical settings, we focused our work on identifying mechanisms of resistance that can provide this bacterium an advantage to establish and persist in hospital environments. Methods: We analyzed 13 strains of Raoultella ornithinolytica isolated from patients with healthcare associated infections (HAI) in three hospitals in Quito and one in Santo Domingo de Los Tsáchilas, Ecuador, between November 2017 and April 2018. These isolates were subjected to phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing, end-point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of carbapenemases and whole-genome sequencing. Results: Polymerase chain reaction revealed that seven isolates were positive isolates for blaOXA-48 and one for blaKPC-2 gene. Of the seven strains that presented the blaOXA-48 gene, six harbored it on an IncFII plasmid, one was inserted into the bacterial chromosome. The blaKPC gene was detected in an IncM2/IncR plasmid. From the bioinformatics analysis, nine genomes had the gene blaOXA-48, originating from Ecuador. Moreover, all R. ornithinolytica strains contained the ORN-1 gene, which confers resistance for ß-lactams, such as penicillins and cephalosporins. Comparative genome analysis of the strains showed that the pangenome of R. ornithinolytica is considered an open pangenome, with 27.77% of core genes, which could be explained by the fact that the antibiotic resistance genes in the ancestral reconstruction are relatively new, suggesting that this genome is constantly incorporating new genes. Conclusion: These results reveal the genome plasticity of R. ornithinolytica, particularly in acquiring antibiotic-resistance genes. The genomic surveillance and infectious control of these uncommon species are important since they may contribute to the burden of antimicrobial resistance and human health.

Evidence of natural selection and dominance of SARS-CoV-2 variant Lambda (C.37) over variants of concern in Cusco, Peru.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lineage C.37 (Lambda) has spread rapidly in Peru and other Latin American countries. However, most studies in Peru have focused on Lima, the capital city, without knowing the dynamics of the spread of the variant in other departments. Cusco, Peru, is one of the most popular departments in the country for tourists, so the introduction of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 might occur despite closure of the borders. Therefore, in this work, we analyzed the variants circulating in Cusco. The aim of this work was to better understand the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 lineages circulating in Cusco and to characterize the genomes of these strains. To this end, 46 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from vaccinated and unvaccinated patients were sequenced in the first half of 2021. The genomes were analyzed using phylogenetic and natural selection methods. Phylogenetic trees from Cusco showed dominance of the Lambda lineage over the variants of concern (VOCs), and there was no clustering of variants by district. Natural selection analysis revealed mutations, mainly in the spike protein, at positions 75, 246, 247, 707, 769, and 1020. In addition, we found that unvaccinated patients accumulated more new mutations than did vaccinated patients, and these included the F101Y mutation in ORF7a, E419A in NSP3, a deletion in S (21,618-22,501), and a deletion in ORF3a (25,437-26,122).

Herramientas digitales como un aliado informativo en el Perú para el autocuidado en tiempos de COVID-19 / Digital tools as information aids for self-care in the time of COVID-19 in Peru

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las métricas disponibles de las herramientas digitales que fomentan el autocuidado para comprender sus efectos en la población en tiempos de COVID-19. Se realizó una búsqueda sobre sitios web, aplicaciones móviles y redes sociales que ofrecían información a la población sobre la COVID-19, los cuales debían pertenecer al gobierno peruano o a instituciones oficiales relacionadas con la salud. Se revisaron las métricas disponibles de cada herramienta digital para una posterior evaluación de uso. Los sitios web identificados brindaban información referente a la COVID-19, así como datos actualizados sobre los casos existentes, la autoevaluación para descartar la enfermedad y el reporte de resultados de la prueba para su diagnóstico. El sitio web más visitado fue el del Gobierno del Perú, el cual contenía la página web del Ministerio de Salud. Asimismo, la aplicación móvil del Gobierno del Perú PerúEnTusManos fue la más descargada por parte de la población peruana. Las redes sociales, en colaboración con estas herramientas digitales en el Perú, vienen siendo utilizadas activamente para informar e interactuar con la población en estos tiempos de COVID-19. Por lo tanto, por la rápida adaptabilidad que tienen los sitios web y las aplicaciones móviles, estas se han convertido en el Perú en una herramienta informativa ideal para hacer frente a la pandemia de la COVID-19(AU)

The purpose of the study was to analyze the metrics available for digital tools fostering self-care to understand their effects on the population in the time of COVID-19. A search was conducted about websites, mobile applications and social networks offering information to the population about COVID-19 and belonging to the Peruvian government or health-related official institutions. A review was performed of the metrics available for each digital tool with a view to an eventual evaluation of their use. The websites identified provided information about COVID-19 as well as updated data about existing cases, self-evaluation to rule out the disease and the report of results of diagnostic tests. The most visited website was that of the Government of Peru, which contained the website of the Ministry of Health. The mobile application of the Government of Peru PerúEnTusManos was the most commonly downloaded by the Peruvian population. Social networks, in joint cooperation with these digital tools, are actively used in Peru to inform and interact with the population in the time of COVID-19. Due to the rapid adaptability of websites and mobile applications, these have become an ideal information tool in Peru to face the COVID-19 pandemic(AU)

Metagenomic analysis and antimicrobial activity of two fermented milk kefir samples.

In recent years, the fermented milk product kefir has been intensively studied because of its health benefits. Here, we evaluated the microbial consortia of two kefir samples, from Escarcega, Campeche, and Campeche (México). We considered a functional comparison between both samples, including fungal and bacterial inhibition; second, we applied shotgun metagenomics to assess the structure and functional diversity of the communities of microorganisms. These two samples exhibited antagonisms against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Bioactive polyketides and nonribosomal peptides were identified by LC-HRMS analysis. We also observed a high bacterial diversity and an abundance of Actinobacteria in both kefir samples, and a greater abundance of Saccharomyces species in kefir of Escarcega than in the Campeche kefir. When the prophage compositions were evaluated, the Campeche sample showed a higher diversity of prophage sequences. In Escarcega, we observed a prevalence of prophage families that infect Enterobacteria and Lactobacillus. The sequences associated with secondary metabolites, such as plipastatin, fengycin, and bacillaene, and also bacteriocins like helveticin and zoocin, were also found in different proportions, with greater diversity in the Escarcega sample. The analyses described in this work open the opportunity to understand the microbial diversity in kefir samples from two distant localities.

Transcriptomic analysis of polyaromatic hydrocarbon degradation by the halophilic fungus Aspergillus sydowii at hypersaline conditions.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the most persistent xenobiotic compounds, with high toxicity effects. Mycoremediation with halophilic Aspergillus sydowii was used for their removal from a hypersaline medium (1 M NaCl). A. sydowii metabolized PAHs as sole carbon sources, resulting in the removal of up to 90% for both PAHs [benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) and phenanthrene (Phe)] after 10 days. Elimination of Phe and BaP was almost exclusively due to biotransformation and not adsorption by dead mycelium and did not correlate with the activity of lignin modifying enzymes (LME). Transcriptomes of A. sydowii grown on PAHs, or on glucose as control, both at hypersaline conditions, revealed 170 upregulated and 76 downregulated genes. Upregulated genes were related to starvation, cell wall remodelling, degradation and metabolism of xenobiotics, DNA/RNA metabolism, energy generation, signalling and general stress responses. Changes of LME expression levels were not detected, while the chloroperoxidase gene, possibly related to detoxification processes in fungi, was strongly upregulated. We propose that two parallel metabolic pathways (mitochondrial and cytosolic) are involved in degradation and detoxification of PAHs in A. sydowii resulting in intracellular oxidation of PAHs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive transcriptomic analysis on fungal degradation of PAHs.

Uso de crema dental en niños peruanos menores de 12 años, durante el periodo del 2016 al 2018. Resultados de una encuesta nacional

Objetivo: Reportar el uso crema dental en niños peruanos menores de 12 años, durante el periodo del 2016 - 2018. Materiales y métodos: El estudio fue descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo, utilizándose los registros de la base de datos ENDES, Perú, durante 2016-2018. La muestra fue multietápico, probabilística y estratificada, formada por 118 716 registros de niños menores de 12 años de edad. Las variables fueron: uso de crema dental, concentración de flúor, departamento, ámbito geográfico y región natural. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: De los participantes, se cepillaban los dientes, el 88%; se cepillan los dientes 2 veces al día, el 40%; utilizaban crema dental, el 98%; usaban crema dental con una concentración de flúor de 1000ppm o más, el 44,6% (n=15 376), 43,2% (n=14 545) y 44% (n=16 227), para los años 2016, 2017 y 2018, respectivamente. En los departamentos de Piura, Loreto, San Martin y Ucayali usan crema dental ≥1000ppm de flúor, en mayor porcentaje, en un 55% a 74,9%. Las cremas dentales con ≥1000ppm de flúor fueron más utilizadas en la región de la selva y zonas urbanas. Conclusión: Se encontró que la población se cepilla los dientes, con una frecuencia de 2 veces al día y utilizan crema dental; sin embargo, menos de la mitad de peruanos menores de 12 años de edad, utiliza crema dental fluorada con 1000 ppm o más. Estos resultados se podrían relacionarse con las políticas preventivas actuales contra la caries dental.

The Microbial Composition in Circumneutral Thermal Springs from Chignahuapan, Puebla, Mexico Reveals the Presence of Particular Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacterial and Viral Communities.

Terrestrial thermal springs are widely distributed globally, and these springs harbor a broad diversity of organisms of biotechnological interest. In Mexico, few studies exploring this kind of environment have been described. In this work, we explore the microbial community in Chignahuapan hot springs, which provides clues to understand these ecosystems' diversity. We assessed the diversity of the microorganism communities in a hot spring environment with a metagenomic shotgun approach. Besides identifying similarities and differences with other ecosystems, we achieved a systematic comparison against 11 metagenomic samples from diverse localities. The Chignahuapan hot springs show a particular prevalence of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from the genera Rhodococcus, Thermomonas, Thiomonas, Acinetobacter, Sulfurovum, and Bacillus, highlighting those that are different from other recovered bacterial populations in circumneutral hot springs environments around the world. The co-occurrence analysis of the bacteria and viruses in these environments revealed that within the Rhodococcus, Thiomonas, Thermonas, and Bacillus genera, the Chignahuapan samples have specific species of bacteria with a particular abundance, such as Rhodococcus erytropholis. The viruses in the circumneutral hot springs present bacteriophages within the order Caudovirales (Siphoviridae, Myoviridae, and Podoviridae), but the family of Herelleviridae was the most abundant in Chignahuapan samples. Furthermore, viral auxiliary metabolic genes were identified, many of which contribute mainly to the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins as well as carbohydrate metabolism. Nevertheless, the viruses and bacteria present in the circumneutral environments contribute to the sulfur cycle. This work represents an exhaustive characterization of a community structure in samples collected from hot springs in Mexico and opens opportunities to identify organisms of biotechnological interest.

Trastornos temporomandibulares en el sistema estomatognático del paciente adulto mayor / Temporomandibular disorders in the stomatognathic system of the elderly patient

RESUMEN Fundamento: los trastornos temporomandibulares en el paciente adulto mayor, resulta un problema significativo en el ámbito de la salud pública, su evaluación permite la planificación de los recursos para lograr una longevidad satisfactoria y mejorar la calidad de vida. Objetivo: caracterizar los trastornos temporomandibulares en el sistema estomatognático del paciente adulto mayor. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo trasversal en la consulta de Prótesis Estomatológica del municipio Nuevitas, provincia Camagüey, en el período de enero a diciembre de 2018, el universo lo constituyeron los 481 pacientes mayores de 60 años, la selección de la muestra fue no probabilística por criterios y quedó conformada por los 103 pacientes diagnosticados con trastornos temporomandibulares. Resultados: predominó el sexo femenino y los pacientes adultos mayores entre 65 a 69 años. Se destacó la pérdida dentaria no restituida como factor de riesgo. La principal manifestación clínica encontrada en los pacientes adultos mayores fueron los ruidos articulares, predominó la osteoartrosis como principal afección en la articulación temporomandibular. Conclusiones: durante la caracterización de los trastornos temporomandibulares en el sistema estomatognático del paciente adulto mayor, predominó el sexo femenino, la pérdida dentaria como factor de riesgo, la principal manifestación clínica fueron los ruidos articulares y la osteoartrosis el padecimiento de mayor afectación a la articulación temporomandibular.

ABSTRACT Background: temporomandibular disorders in the elderly patient are a significant problem in the field of public health, its evaluation allows the planning of resources to achieve satisfactory longevity and improve quality of life. Objective: to characterize temporomandibular disorders in the stomatognathic system of the elderly patient. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in the Dentistry Prosthesis consultation of the Nuevitas municipality, Camagüey province, in the period from January to December 2018, the universe was made up of 481 patients over 60 years of age, the sample selection was not probabilistic by criteria and was made up of the 103 patients diagnosed with temporomandibular disorders. Results: female sex and older adult patients between 65-69 years predominated. Unrestituted dental loss was highlighted as a risk factor. The main clinical manifestation found in older adult patients was joint noise and osteoarthritis predominated as the main condition in the temporomandibular joint. Conclusions: during the characterization of temporomandibular disorders in the stomatognathic system of the older adult patient, the female sex predominated, dental loss as a risk factor, the main clinical manifestation was joint sounds and osteoarthritis as the condition with the greatest joint involvement temporomandibular.

OXA-48 Carbapenemase in Klebsiella pneumoniae Sequence Type 307 in Ecuador.

Antibiotic resistance is on the rise, leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes bronchopneumonia, abscesses, urinary tract infection, osteomyelitis, and a wide variety of infections. The ubiquity of this microorganism confounds with the great increase in antibiotic resistance and have bred great concern worldwide. K. pneumoniae sequence type (ST) 307 is a widespread emerging clone associated with hospital-acquired infections, although sporadic community infections have also been reported. The aim of our study is to describe the first case of Klebsiella pneumoniae (ST) 307 harboring the blaOXA-48-like gene in Ecuador. We characterized a new plasmid that carry OXA-48 and could be the source of future outbreaks. The strain was recovered from a patient with cancer previously admitted in a Ukrainian hospital, suggesting that this mechanism of resistance could be imported. These findings highlight the importance of programs based on active molecular surveillance for the intercontinental spread of multidrug-resistant microorganisms with emergent carbapenemases.

Cocoa Flavanols Protect Human Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Stress.

Oxidative stress may cause functional disorders of vascular endothelia which can lead to endothelial apoptosis and thus alter the function and structure of the vascular tissues. Plant antioxidants protect the endothelium against oxidative stress and then become an effective option to treat vascular diseases. Cocoa flavanols have been proven to protect against oxidative stress in cell culture and animal models. In addition, epidemiological and interventional studies strongly suggest that cocoa consumption has numerous beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. The objective of this study was to test the chemo-protective effect of realistic concentrations of a cocoa phenolic extract and its main monomeric flavanol epicatechin on cultured human endothelial cells submitted to an oxidative challenge. Both products efficiently restrained stress-induced reactive oxygen species and biomarkers of oxidative stress such as carbonyl groups and malondialdehyde, and recovered depleted glutathione, antioxidant defences and cell viability. Our results demonstrate for the first time that a polyphenolic extract from cocoa and its main flavonoid protect human endothelial cells against an oxidative insult by modulating oxygen radical generation and antioxidant enzyme and non-enzyme defences.

Metagenomics of Atacama Lithobiontic Extremophile Life Unveils Highlights on Fungal Communities, Biogeochemical Cycles and Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes.

Halites, which are typically found in various Atacama locations, are evaporitic rocks that are considered as micro-scaled salterns. Both structural and functional metagenomic analyses of halite nodules were performed. Structural analyses indicated that the halite microbiota is mainly composed of NaCl-adapted microorganisms. In addition, halites appear to harbor a limited diversity of fungal families together with a biodiverse collection of protozoa. Functional analysis indicated that the halite microbiome possesses the capacity to make an extensive contribution to carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles, but possess a limited capacity to fix nitrogen. The halite metagenome also contains a vast repertory of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZY) with glycosyl transferases being the most abundant class present, followed by glycosyl hydrolases (GH). Amylases were also present in high abundance, with GH also being identified. Thus, the halite microbiota is a potential useful source of novel enzymes that could have biotechnological applicability. This is the first metagenomic report of fungi and protozoa as endolithobionts of halite nodules, as well as the first attempt to describe the repertoire of CAZY in this community. In addition, we present a comprehensive functional metagenomic analysis of the metabolic capacities of the halite microbiota, providing evidence for the first time on the sulfur cycle in Atacama halites.

Intermediate-Salinity Systems at High Altitudes in the Peruvian Andes Unveil a High Diversity and Abundance of Bacteria and Viruses.

Intermediate-salinity environments are distributed around the world. Here, we present a snapshot characterization of two Peruvian thalassohaline environments at high altitude, Maras and Acos, which provide an excellent opportunity to increase our understanding of these ecosystems. The main goal of this study was to assess the structure and functional diversity of the communities of microorganisms in an intermediate-salinity environment, and we used a metagenomic shotgun approach for this analysis. These Andean hypersaline systems exhibited high bacterial diversity and abundance of the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Balneolaeota, and Actinobacteria; in contrast, Archaea from the phyla Euryarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, and Crenarchaeota were identified in low abundance. Acos harbored a more diverse prokaryotic community and a higher number of unique species compared with Maras. In addition, we obtained the draft genomes of two bacteria, Halomonas elongata and Idiomarina loihiensis, as well as the viral genomes of Enterobacteria lambda-like phage and Halomonas elongata-like phage and 27 partial novel viral halophilic genomes. The functional metagenome annotation showed a high abundance of sequences associated with detoxification, DNA repair, cell wall and capsule formation, and nucleotide metabolism; sequences for these functions were overexpressed mainly in bacteria and also in some archaea and viruses. Thus, their metabolic profiles afford a decrease in oxidative stress as well as the assimilation of nitrogen, a critical energy source for survival. Our work represents the first microbial characterization of a community structure in samples collected from Peruvian hypersaline systems.

A Review on Viral Metagenomics in Extreme Environments.

Viruses are the most abundant biological entities in the biosphere, and have the ability to infect Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes. The virome is estimated to be at least ten times more abundant than the microbiome with 107 viruses per milliliter and 109 viral particles per gram in marine waters and sediments or soils, respectively. Viruses represent a largely unexplored genetic diversity, having an important role in the genomic plasticity of their hosts. Moreover, they also play a significant role in the dynamics of microbial populations. In recent years, metagenomic approaches have gained increasing popularity in the study of environmental viromes, offering the possibility of extending our knowledge related to both virus diversity and their functional characterization. Extreme environments represent an interesting source of both microbiota and their virome due to their particular physicochemical conditions, such as very high or very low temperatures and >1 atm hydrostatic pressures, among others. Despite the fact that some progress has been made in our understanding of the ecology of the microbiota in these habitats, few metagenomic studies have described the viromes present in extreme ecosystems. Thus, limited advances have been made in our understanding of the virus community structure in extremophilic ecosystems, as well as in their biotechnological potential. In this review, we critically analyze recent progress in metagenomic based approaches to explore the viromes in extreme environments and we discuss the potential for new discoveries, as well as methodological challenges and perspectives.

Perfeccionamiento de la asignatura Atención Integral a la Población en la carrera de Estomatología / Perfeccionamiento de la asignatura Atención Integral a la Población en la carrera de Estomatología

RESUMEN Se realizó una investigación educacional observacional-descriptiva transversal en la Facultad de Estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey, durante el período de septiembre 2015 a octubre 2017; con el objetivo de elaborar una estrategia didáctica para el perfeccionamiento de la asignatura Atención Integral a la Población que se imparte en el 5to. año de la carrera de Estomatología. Se diseñó una estrategia didáctica, que propone un plan temático contentivo de objetivos particulares, sistema de conocimientos y de habilidades; el cual se consideró oportuno y pertinente. Los resultados científicos expresados en la investigación fueron evaluados positivamente a través de los talleres de opinión crítica y construcción colectiva, enfatizando su importancia en el proceso docente educativo de este año académico y en el logro de los objetivos que se establecen en el modelo del profesional.

ABSTRACT Se realizó una investigación educacional observacional-descriptiva transversal en la Facultad de Estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey, durante el período de septiembre 2015 a octubre 2017; con el objetivo de elaborar una estrategia didáctica para el perfeccionamiento de la asignatura Atención Integral a la Población que se imparte en el 5to. año de la carrera de Estomatología. Se diseñó una estrategia didáctica, que propone un plan temático contentivo de objetivos particulares, sistema de conocimientos y de habilidades; el cual se consideró oportuno y pertinente. Los resultados científicos expresados en la investigación fueron evaluados positivamente a través de los talleres de opinión crítica y construcción colectiva, enfatizando su importancia en el proceso docente educativo de este año académico y en el logro de los objetivos que se establecen en el modelo del profesional.

Bruxismo y manifestaciones clínicas en el sistema estomatognático / Bruxism and clinical manifestations in the stomatognathic system

RESUMEN Fundamento: en tiempos actuales el bruxismo es un problema médico a escala mundial que involucra el apretamiento y rechinado de los dientes, diurno o nocturno, con distintos grados de intensidad y persistencia en el tiempo, de manera inconsciente. Objetivo: caracterizar el bruxismo y manifestaciones clínicas en el sistema estomatognático. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo trasversal en el consultorio No 14 de la clínica estomatológica Reynaldo Aday López del municipio Nuevitas de la provincia Camagüey, desde enero hasta julio de 2017, de un universo de 139 pacientes diagnosticados con bruxismo, se seleccionó una muestra no probabilística constituida por 67 pacientes. Resultados: predominó el sexo femenino y el grupo de edad entre 31 a 45 años. Se destacó el bruxismo tipo excéntrico respecto al céntrico. La principal manifestación clínica fueron las facetas de desgastes no funcionales en el 100 % de los pacientes examinados. Conclusiones: la caracterización de la población con bruxismo aportó datos de interés con mayor afectación en el sexo femenino, durante la tercera y cuarta década de vida, en los bruxópatas excéntricos, donde la totalidad de los pacientes presentaron facetas de desgaste no funcionales como principal manifestación clínica.

ABSTRACT Background: in current times bruxism is a medical problem on a world scale that involves clenching and grinding of the teeth, diurnal or nocturnal, with different degrees of intensity and persistence over time, unconsciously. Objective: to characterize bruxism and clinical manifestations in the stomatognathic system. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in the clinic No 14 of Reynaldo Aday López stomatology clinic in the municipality of Nuevitas of Camagüey province, from January to July 2017, from a universe of 139 patients diagnosed with bruxism, a sample was selected not probabilistic constituted by 67 patients. Results: the female sex predominated and the age group between 31 to 45 years. The eccentric type bruxism was highlighted with respect to the centric one. The main clinical manifestation was the facets of non-functional wear in 100% of the patients examined. Conclusions: the characterization of the population with bruxism contributed data of interest with greater affectation in the female sex, during the third and fourth decade of life, in the eccentric bruxópatas, where all the patients presented nonfunctional wear facets as the main manifestation clinic.

Extremophile deep-sea viral communities from hydrothermal vents: Structural and functional analysis.

Ten publicly available metagenomic data sets from hydrothermal vents were analyzed to determine the taxonomic structure of the viral communities present, as well as their potential metabolic functions. The type of natural selection on two auxiliary metabolic genes was also analyzed. The structure of the virome in the hydrothermal vents was quite different in comparison with the viruses present in sediments, with specific populations being present in greater abundance in the plume samples when compared with the sediment samples. ssDNA genomes such as Circoviridae and Microviridae were predominantly present in the sediment samples, with Caudovirales which are dsDNA being present in the vent samples. Genes potentially encoding enzymes that participate in carbon, nitrogen and sulfur metabolic pathways were found in greater abundance, than those involved in the oxygen cycle, in the hydrothermal vents. Functional profiling of the viromes, resulted in the discovery of genes encoding proteins involved in bacteriophage capsids, DNA synthesis, nucleotide synthesis, DNA repair, as well as viral auxiliary metabolic genes such as cytitidyltransferase and ribonucleotide reductase. These auxiliary metabolic genes participate in the synthesis of phospholipids and nucleotides respectively and are likely to contribute to enhancing the fitness of their bacterial hosts within the hydrothermal vent communities. Finally, evolutionary analysis suggested that these auxiliary metabolic genes are highly conserved and evolve under purifying selection, and are thus maintained in their genome.

Caracterización de la oclusión dentaria en pacientes con trastornos temporomandibulares / Characterization of dental occlusion in patients with temporomandibular disorders

RESUMEN Fundamento: los trastornos temporomandibulares son el conjunto de síntomas y signos que causan alteraciones dentarias, musculares y articulares en el sistema estomatognático, a causa de factores de riesgo como la oclusión dentaria. Objetivo: caracterizar la oclusión dentaria en pacientes con trastornos temporomandibulares. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en la consulta de oclusión dentaria y disfunción temporomandibular de la provincia Camagüey, desde de enero a julio de 2016, de un universo de 85 pacientes diagnosticados con trastornos temporomandibulares se seleccionó una muestra no probabilística integrada por 43 pacientes. Resultados: predominó el resalte, el sobrepase aumentado y la mordida cruzada anterior, la relación de molares más frecuente fue la neutroclusión de molares, sobresalieron las interferencias oclusales en el lado de trabajo durante el movimiento de lateralidad y se apreció como función lateral la función canina. Conclusiones: el examen clínico permitió caracterizar las variables de la oclusión dentaria en relación a los trastornos temporomandibulares.

ABSTRACT Background: the temporomandibular disorders are the set of symptoms and signs that causes dental, muscular and articular alterations in the stomatognatic system due to risk factors like dental occlusion. Objective: to characterize dental occlusion in patients with temporomandibular disorders. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in provincial dental occlusion and temporomandibular dysfunction consulting room of Camagüey from January to July 2016; from a universe of 85 patients diagnosed with temporomandibular disorders, 43 patients were chosen as a sample by means of a no probabilistic sampling. Results: the increased overjet and overbite as well as the before folded bite was predominated, the frequents molars relationship was the molars neutrocclusion, the occlusal interference stood out in the size of working for the laterality movement, it was seen as a lateral function the one led by the canine tooth. Conclusions: the clinical exam allowed to characterize the variables of dental occlusion in relation to the temporomandibular disorders.