Evolución de los serotipos causantes de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva aislados durante 2008-2022 en un Hospital Público Madrileño de nivel dos, en relación con su inclusión en diferentes vacunas conjugadas / Evolution of the serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease along 2008-2022 in a Level 2 Public Hospital of the Madrid Region, in relation to their inclusion in different conjugate vaccines

Introducción. El uso de vacunas conjugadas frente a Streptococcus pneumoniae ocasiona cambios en la epidemio logía de la Enfermedad Neumocócica Invasiva (ENI). El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la evolución de los serotipos de S. pneumoniae aislados en el Hospital Universitario de Getafe entre 2008 y 2022. Material y métodos. Se estudiaron 313 cepas de S. pneu moniae. El serotipado se realizó mediante el test de aglutina ción por látex (Pneumotest-latex) y la reacción de Quellung. Además, se determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) frente a penicilina, eritromicina y levofloxacino por el método de gradiente de concentración (E-test) según los cri terios de corte EUCAST. Resultados. Los serotipos más frecuentes en todo el pe riodo de estudio fueron 8, 3, 19A, 1, 11A y 22F correspondien do con el 46,6 % de los aislados. Durante los años 2008-2012, los serotipos 3, 1, 19A, 7F, 6C y 11A supusieron en conjunto el 53,6% de los aislamientos. Entre 2013 y 2017 los serotipos 3, 8, 12F, 19A, 22F y 19F representaron el 51% de los aislados. Entre 2018-2022 los serotipos 8, 3, 11A, 15A, 4 y 6C incluyeron al 55,5% de los casos. En total, 5 cepas (1,6%) se mostraron resistentes a penicilina, 64 (20,4%) resistentes a eritromicina y 11 (3,5%) resistentes a levofloxacino. Los niveles de CMI50 y CMI90 frente a los tres antibióticos se mantuvieron estables a lo largo del tiempo. Conclusiones. El uso de vacunas conjugadas condicionó un descenso de los serotipos cubiertos junto con un aumento de los no vacunales. Los patrones de sensibilidad a eritromicina y levofloxacino se mantuvieron relativamente estables. La re sistencia a penicilina fue muy baja, no encontrándose este tipo de cepas resistentes en el último periodo de estudio (AU)

Introduction. The use of conjugate vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae originates changes in the invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). The aim of this study was to in vestigate the evolution of S. pneumoniae serotypes isolated in the Hospital Universitario de Getafe between 2008 and 2022. Material and Methods. 313 of S. pneumoniae strains were studied. Serotyping was carried out by latex agglutina tion (Pneumotest-latex) and the Quellung reaction. In addi tion, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was deter mined against penicillin, erythromycin and levofloxacin by the concentration gradient method (E-test) according the EUCAST breakpoints. Results. The most frequent serotypes throughout the study period were 8, 3, 19A, 1, 11A and 22F corresponding to 46.6% of the isolates. Along 2008-2012 the serotypes 3, 1, 19A, 7F, 6C and 11A represented altogether 53.6% of the isolates. Between 2013 and 2017 the serotypes 3, 8, 12F, 19A, 22F and 19F grouped 51% of the isolates. During 2018-2022 the serotypes 8, 3, 11A, 15A, 4 and 6C included the 55.5% of the cases. In total 5 strains (1.6%) were penicillin resistant, 64 (20.4%) erythromycin resistant and 11 (3.5%) levofloxacin re sistant. The MIC50 and MIC90 levels maintained stables along the time. Conclusion. The conjugate vaccines use with different se rotype coverage conditioned a decrease of the vaccine-includ ed and an increase of non-covered. Despite these changes, the global antimicrobial susceptibility patterns to erythromycin and levofloxacin maintained relatively stables. The resistance a penicillin was low, not finding this type of resistant strains in the last study period (AU)

Seroprevalencia de anticuerpos frente al virus de la varicela zóster tras la introducción reciente de la vacunación infantil universal en la Comunidad de Madrid / Seroprevalence of varicella-zoster virus antibodies after the recent introduction of the universal childhood immunisation schedule in the Community of Madrid

FUNDAMIENTO Y OBJETIVO: En la Comunidad de Madrid se incluyó la vacuna frente a varicela en el calendario infantil en noviembre del 2006 a los 15 meses de edad. Dicha recomendación se retiró en enero del 2014. Se estima la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos frente al virus tras los 2-3 primeros años desde la inclusión de la vacuna y su evolución desde 1999. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo transversal. La población diana son los residentes en la Comunidad de Madrid entre 2 y 60 años. La medición de anticuerpos IgG se realizó mediante técnicas de ELISA. Se estima la seroprevalencia según características sociodemográficas mediante regresión logística múltiple. Los resultados se comparan con encuestas previas. Asimismo, se presentan la seroprevalencia y la media geométrica de anticuerpos según el estado vacunal y los antecedentes de la enfermedad. El nivel de confianza utilizado es del 95%. RESULTADOS: Participaron 4.378 sujetos, con una tasa de respuesta del 69%. La seroprevalencia estimada es del 95,3% (IC del 95%, 94,6%-95,9%). Más del 90% de los niños a partir de los 10 años de edad presentan anticuerpos. La seroprevalencia fue mayor en personas con menor nivel educativo. La seroprevalencia de inmunidad vacunal supera el 90% en el primer año tras la vacunación pero en el segundo año desciende hasta el 82,6% (IC del 95%, 56,0-94,7). Se encontraron diferencias significativas con las encuestas anteriores atribuibles a la vacunación universal. DISCUSIÓN: Es necesario continuar la vigilancia epidemiológica para valorar el impacto de la retirada de la recomendación de vacunar a los 15 meses de edad

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In November 2006, the Community of Madrid included the chickenpox vaccine into the immunisation schedule for children from 15 months of age. This was withdrawn in January 2014. Seroprevalence of antibodies to the virus is estimated after the first 2-3 years from the inclusion of the vaccine, and as well as its evolution since 1999. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted on the target population consisting of residents in the Community of Madrid between 2 and 60 years of age. Measurement of IgG antibodies was performed using an ELISA technique. Seroprevalence was estimated according to sociodemographic characteristics using multiple logistic regressions. The results are compared with previous surveys. Also, the seroprevalence and geometric mean of the antibody according immunisation status and history of the disease are presented. The confidence level used is 95%. RESULTS: A total of 4,378 subjects were included, with a response rate of 69%. The estimated seroprevalence was 95.3% (95% CI: 94.6% - 95.9%). Over 90% of children from the age of 10 have antibodies. The seroprevalence was higher in people with less education. The seroprevalence of immunity vaccine exceeds 90% in the first year after vaccination, but in the second year decreased to 82.6% (95% CI 56.0 - 94.7). Significant differences, attributable to universal vaccination, were found compared to previous surveys. DISCUSSION: Continued surveillance is needed in order to assess the impact of the withdrawal of the recommendation to vaccinate at 15 months

[Seroprevalence of varicella-zoster virus antibodies after the recent introduction of the universal childhood immunisation schedule in the Community of Madrid]. / Seroprevalencia de anticuerpos frente al virus de la varicela zóster tras la introducción reciente de la vacunación infantil universal en la Comunidad de Madrid.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In November 2006, the Community of Madrid included the chickenpox vaccine into the immunisation schedule for children from 15 months of age. This was withdrawn in January 2014. Seroprevalence of antibodies to the virus is estimated after the first 2-3 years from the inclusion of the vaccine, and as well as its evolution since 1999. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted on the target population consisting of residents in the Community of Madrid between 2 and 60 years of age. Measurement of IgG antibodies was performed using an ELISA technique. Seroprevalence was estimated according to sociodemographic characteristics using multiple logistic regressions. The results are compared with previous surveys. Also, the seroprevalence and geometric mean of the antibody according immunisation status and history of the disease are presented. The confidence level used is 95%. RESULTS: A total of 4,378 subjects were included, with a response rate of 69%. The estimated seroprevalence was 95.3% (95% CI: 94.6% - 95.9%). Over 90% of children from the age of 10 have antibodies. The seroprevalence was higher in people with less education. The seroprevalence of immunity vaccine exceeds 90% in the first year after vaccination, but in the second year decreased to 82.6% (95% CI 56.0 - 94.7). Significant differences, attributable to universal vaccination, were found compared to previous surveys. DISCUSSION: Continued surveillance is needed in order to assess the impact of the withdrawal of the recommendation to vaccinate at 15 months.

Prevalence of hepatitis C antibodies in the population aged 16-80 years in the Community of Madrid 2008-2009.

Together with AIDS, the burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Spain heads the list of communicable diseases in terms of impact on public health. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of HCV antibodies in the Community of Madrid, assess changes in recent years and analyse associated risk factors. Descriptive cross-sectional study of a target population consisting of Community of Madrid residents aged 16-80 years old. Two-stage cluster sampling was performed, with stratification by socioeconomic status and percentage immigrant population. The sampling frame consisted of public blood extraction centers attached to the Madrid Health Service. Seroprevalence of HCV antibodies, prevalence ratios by age groups in comparison with 1999 survey data and prevalence association with risk factors were assessed using a logistic regression model. Prevalence of HCV antibodies for the age group 16-80 years was 1.8% (95% CI: 1.3-2.5). The age group with the highest prevalence was 41-60 years. In comparison with the 1999 survey, prevalence fell for the age groups 21-30 and 31-40 years and increased for the age group 41-60. Statistically significant associations were found for age, education, history of hepatitis C and consultation regarding liver problems. Seroprevalence of HCV antibodies in the Community of Madrid is similar to that shown in other regions of Spain. It is increasing in older age groups as the population at risk ages. Incidence of hepatitis C may be decreasing considering the decrease in the seroprevalence in the population younger than 40 related to the previous serosurvey.

Hepatitis B virus infection and vaccine-induced immunity in Madrid (Spain) / Infección por el virus de la hepatitis B e inmunidad inducida por la vacuna en Madrid (España)

Objective. To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and vaccine-induced immunity in the region of Madrid, and to analyze their evolution over time. Methods. An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out in the population aged 16-80 years between 2008 and 2009. This was the last of four seroprevalence surveys in the region of Madrid. The prevalence of HBV infection and vaccine-induced immunity was estimated using multivariate logistic models and were compared with the prevalences in the 1989, 1993 and 1999 surveys. Results. In the population aged 16-80 years, the prevalence of HBV infection was 11.0% (95% CI: 9.8-12.3) and that of chronic infection was 0.7% (95% CI: 0.5-1.1). The prevalence of vaccine-induced immunity in the population aged 16-20 years was 73.0% (95% CI: 70.0-76.0). Compared with previous surveys, there was a decrease in the prevalence of HBV infection. Conclusions. Based on the prevalence of chronic infection (< 1 %), Madrid is a region with low HBV endemicity. Preventive strategies against HBV should especially target the immigrant population (AU)

Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de infección por hepatitis B(HB) e inmunidad vacunal en la Comunidad de Madrid y analizar su evolución en el tiempo. Métodos. Estudio observacional analítico transversal en población de 16-80 años, en 2008-2009. Ésta es la última de cuatro encuestas de seroprevalencia. La prevalencia de infección por HB e inmunidad vacunal fue estimada usando modelos logísticos multivariantes y se compararon con las encuestas de 1989, 1993 y 1999. Resultados. En población de 16-80 años, la prevalencia de infección por HB fue 11,0% (IC-95%:9,8-12,3) y 0,7% (IC-95%:0,5-1,1) de infección crónica. La prevalencia de inmunidad vacunal en población de 16-20 años fue 73,0% (IC-95%:70,0-76,0). En comparación con anteriores encuestas la prevalencia de infección disminuyó. Conclusiones. Madrid es una región de baja endemicidad de HB, de acuerdo a la prevalencia de infección crónica (<1%). Las estrategias de prevención de la HB deben dirigirse especialmente a la población inmigrante (AU)

Hepatitis B virus infection and vaccine-induced immunity in Madrid (Spain).

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and vaccine-induced immunity in the region of Madrid, and to analyze their evolution over time. METHODS: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out in the population aged 16-80 years between 2008 and 2009. This was the last of four seroprevalence surveys in the region of Madrid. The prevalence of HBV infection and vaccine-induced immunity was estimated using multivariate logistic models and were compared with the prevalences in the 1989, 1993 and 1999 surveys. RESULTS: In the population aged 16-80 years, the prevalence of HBV infection was 11.0% (95% CI: 9.8-12.3) and that of chronic infection was 0.7% (95% CI: 0.5-1.1). The prevalence of vaccine-induced immunity in the population aged 16-20 years was 73.0% (95% CI: 70.0-76.0). Compared with previous surveys, there was a decrease in the prevalence of HBV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the prevalence of chronic infection (<1%), Madrid is a region with low HBV endemicity. Preventive strategies against HBV should especially target the immigrant population.

Evolución del sarampión, rubéola y parotiditis desde la III encuesta de serovigilancia de la Comunidad de Madrid 1999-2000 (III ESVCM) / Evolution of measles, rubella and mumps from the third seroepidemiological survey in the Autonomous Region of Madrid, Spain

En el presente trabajo se han revisado los resultados deseroprevalencia frente a sarampión, rubéola y parotiditis obtenidosen la III Encuesta de Serovigilancia de la Comunidad deMadrid (III ESVCM) realizada en 1999-2000 y la posteriorevolución de estas tres enfermedades en esta región.En la III ESVCM la prevalencia de anticuerpos frente asarampión, rubéola y parotiditis fue respectivamente >90%,>95% y <90%. Pese a los buenos resultados obtenidos pararubéola y sarampión, en los años 2005 y 2006 surgieron enMadrid dos importantes brotes de estas enfermedades. El brotede rubéola de 2005 (460 casos) afectó especialmente a poblacióninmigrante de ambos sexos (procedentes mayoritariamentede América Central y del Sur) y varones adultos españoles. Elbrote de sarampión de 2006 (174 casos) fue importado, una elevadaproporción de casos eran adultos, la mayoría de los pacientesno estaban vacunados y no se observaron diferencias por delsexo. En la Comunidad de Madrid la circulación del virus de laparotiditis ha continuado desde 1999 hasta la actualidad y se handetectado ondas epidémicas en los periodos 2000-2001 y 2006-2007. Durante el período 2006-2007 una importante proporciónde los casos presentaron antecedentes de vacunación.Cada una de estas tres enfermedades presenta característicaspropias. Sin embargo, las tres muestran en común el cambioen la edad de aparición con una frecuencia cada vez mayorde casos entre adultos jóvenes(AU)

In this study results against measles, rubella and mumpsobtained in the III Sero-epidemiological Survey of theAutonomous Region of Madrid, performed in 1999-2000,were related to the posterior evolution of these diseases in thisRegion.The prevalence of antibodies against measles, rubella andmumps was >90%, >95% and <90 %, respectively. Despite ofthe good results obtained for rubella and measles, in 2005 and2006 two important outbreaks of these diseases occurred inMadrid. The rubella outbreak in 2005 (450 cases) affectedespecially to immigrants of both sexes (mainly from Central andSouth America) and Spanish adults males. The 2006 measlesoutbreak (174 cases) was imported, a high proportion of caseswere adults and most of the patients were unvaccinated. Nodifferences according to sex were observed. In Madrid mumpsvirus circulation has continued from 1999 to present. Twoepidemic waves in the periods 2000-2001 and 2006-2007 havebeen detected. During 2006-2007, an important proportion ofcases showed antecedents of vaccination.Each one of these three diseases has typicalcharacteristics. However, the three has in common the changein the age of apparition, with a growing frequency of casesamong young adults(AU)

[Evolution of measles, rubella and mumps from the third seroepidemiological survey in the autonomous region of Madrid, Spain]. / Evolución del sarampión, rubeola y parotiditis desde la III Encuesta de serovigilancia de la Comunidad de Madrid 1999-2000 (III ESVCM).

In this study results against measles, rubella and mumps obtained in the III Sero-epidemiological Survey of the Autonomous Region of Madrid, performed in 1999-2000, were related to the posterior evolution of these diseases in this Region. The prevalence of antibodies against measles, rubella and mumps was >90%, >95% and <90 %, respectively. Despite of the good results obtained for rubella and measles, in 2005 and 2006 two important outbreaks of these diseases occurred in Madrid. The rubella outbreak in 2005 (450 cases) affected especially to immigrants of both sexes (mainly from Central and South America) and Spanish adults males. The 2006 measles outbreak (174 cases) was imported, a high proportion of cases were adults and most of the patients were unvaccinated. No differences according to sex were observed. In Madrid mumps virus circulation has continued from 1999 to present. Two epidemic waves in the periods 2000-2001 and 2006-2007 have been detected. During 2006-2007, an important proportion of cases showed antecedents of vaccination. Each one of these three diseases has typical characteristics. However, the three has in common the change in the age of apparition, with a growing frequency of cases among young adults.

[Diagnostic, clinical and therapeutic implications of viral hepatitides in HIV-infected patients]. / Implicaciones diagnósticas, clínicas y terapéuticas de las hepatitis virales en el paciente infectado por el VIH.

Viral hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In HBV/HIV coinfection, there is a higher frequency of HBV replication, and higher rates of HBV-associated liver disease. The only drugs currently approved for the treatment of HBV infection are lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir, and interferon-a. HIV/HBV coinfection is associated with an increased frequency of hepatotoxicity in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and reactivation of clinical hepatitis is observed upon stopping HBV-active anti-HIV drugs. Liver disease due to HCV infection is currently the leading cause of mortality among HIV-infected patients in the developed world. The treatment of choice of chronic hepatitis C in these patients is based on pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin, which achieves sustained virological response rates of up to 40%. However, patients with HCV/HIV coinfection show accelerated progression to cirrhosis and are at increased risk of hepatotoxicity from HAART.

Implicaciones diagnósticas, clínicas y terapéuticas de las hepatitis virales en el paciente infectado por el VIH / Diagnostic, clinical and therapeutic implications of viral hepatitides in HIV-infected patients

La coinfección por los virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) o C (VHC) constituye una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en los pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Los pacientes con coinfección VHB/VIH presentan un mayor riesgo de cronicidad del VHB, junto con valores mayores de replicación. La lamivudina, junto con el adefovir, el entecavir y el interferón-α son los únicos fármacos aprobados para el tratamiento del VHB. El tratamiento antirretroviral de gran eficacia (TARGA) se acompaña de un incremento de la hepatotoxicidad en estos pacientes, junto con una reactivación de la hepatitis B al interrumpirlo, si incluye fármacos activos frente al VHB. Las complicaciones hepáticas producidas por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) son, actualmente, la primera causa de mortalidad en los pacientes coinfectados por el VIH en el mundo occidental. La combinación de interferón pegilado más ribavirina es el tratamiento de elección en la coinfección VHC/VIH. Con esta terapia se consiguen tasas de respuesta viral sostenida de hasta el 40%. Los pacientes coinfectados VHC/VIH presentan una más rápida evolución a cirrosis y un mayor riesgo de toxicidad hepática con el TARGA

Viral hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In HBV/HIV coinfection, there is a higher frequency of HBV replication, and higher rates of HBV-associated liver disease. The only drugs currently approved for the treatment of HBV infection are lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir, and interferon-a. HIV/HBV coinfection is associated with an increased frequency of hepatotoxicity in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and reactivation of clinical hepatitis is observed upon stopping HBV-active anti-HIV drugs. Liver disease due to HCV infection is currently the leading cause of mortality among HIV-infected patients in the developed world. The treatment of choice of chronic hepatitis C in these patients is based on pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin, which achieves sustained virological response rates of up to 40%. However, patients with HCV/HIV coinfection show accelerated progression to cirrhosis and are at increased risk of hepatotoxicity from HAART