Características clínicas y sociolaborales de pacientes psiquiátricos al término de la incapacidad temporal por contingencia común / Clinical, social and labour features of psychiatric patients at the end of temporary nonoccupational disability

Introducción: La patología psiquiátrica es la principal causa de pérdida de calidad de vida y presenta unos altísimos costes, personales y económicos. Pese a ello, existen pocos datos sobre las características de los pacientes psiquiátricos con incapacidad laboral y sus características clínicas. Por ello nos proponemos describir estas características en los pacientes con más de 12 meses de incapacidad temporal e investigar factores que puedan estar ligados a cronicidad o disfunción. Material y métodos: Sobre el total de pacientes derivados por el INSS para evaluación psiquiátrica, se excluyeron aquellos que no se encontraran en Incapacidad Temporal o que llevaran menos de 12 meses, conformando una muestra de 97 pacientes. Se registraron las principales características sociolaborales y clínicas, diagnóstico según criterios DSM-IV-TR, se aplicaron escalas de funcionalidad e intensidad sintomatológica como EEAG, MADRS y WHODAS O. Resultados: La distribución por sexos fue homogénea, con una edad media de 47 años, vive en pareja el 51,5%, normalmente refieren una vivencia de apoyo social moderado y 1/3 no ha superado estudios primarios. El 78,4% presenta antecedentes físicos importantes, fuma 50,5%, 59% tiene antecedentes familiares psiquiátricos, que tienden a asociarse a baja funcionalidad y tratamientos más prolongados. La concordancia diagnóstica es del 71,1%, los trastornos afectivos son el grupo diagnóstico más frecuente. El trastorno adaptativo es el diagnóstico más frecuente en el grupo al que no se le encuentra limitación funcional y se asocia a menos tiempo en tratamiento y a menos intensidad sintomatológica. Las escalas utilizadas correlacionan entre sí, distinguiendo EEAG y WHODAS O a los trastornos adaptativos y a los cuadros no incapacitados, mientras que MADRS señala a los trastornos afectivos. Tras la evaluación, al 46,39% no se le propone incapacidad, al 11,34% se le solicita prórroga, al 29,90% incapacidad permanente para su trabajo, y al 12,37% incapacidad permanente para cualquier trabajo. Los pacientes a los que se les recomendó incapacidad permanente presentaban asociación a bajo apoyo social, tiempo prolongado en seguimiento psiquiátrico, antecedentes familiares psiquiátricos y diagnóstico distinto a trastorno adaptativo. Conclusiones: La evaluación funcional de pacientes psiquiátricos tras 12 meses de incapacidad temporal detecta ausencia de incapacidad en el 46,39%, generalmente ligado al trastorno adaptativo. Las escalas psicométricas son capaces de señalar discapacidad. Se han detectado marcadores de gravedad y disfunción como son la vivencia de apoyo social, la ausencia de pareja, el tiempo en seguimiento psiquiátrico, los antecedentes familiares psiquiátricos y las escalas psicométricas. Existe una alta comorbilidad física y un tabaquismo preocupante en los pacientes psiquiátricos. Son necesarios estudios similares que puedan confirmar o perfilar los datos aquí presentados (AU)

Objective: Psychiatric Pathology is a major problem because it is the main cause of loss of quality of life while it generates large individual, social and economic costs. Despite the mentioned above, few data are available on the clinical features of psychiatric work disabled patients. We aim to describe the mentioned features in patients with temporary disability for more than 12 months and to investigate the factors associated with chronicity or disability. Methods: A total of 97 patients with temporary disability for more than 12 months were selected from all of the patients referred to our office by the INSS for psychiatric evaluation. Main clinical, social and labour features were recorded in addition to the diagnosis, according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and Symptom Intensity scales (MADRS and WHODAS O) were used. Results: Our sample had a balanced sex ratio and an average age of 47 years. Patients usually described an experience of moderate social support and 51.5% of them were living as a couple. A third of the patients had primary education at most. A noteworthy physical illness background was found in 78.4% of them, 50.5% had smoking habits and 59% had family history of psychiatric disorders. All of these conditions tend to be associated with low functionality and longer treatments. We have found a 71.1% diagnostic agreement and the most frequent diagnosis-related group were affective disorders. In the group of patients without functional limitation, adjustment disorder was the most frequent diagnosis. It was associated to shorter treatments and lower levels of Symptom Intensity. The scales that we used correlated with each other. GAF and WHODAS O distinguish adjustment disorders in non-disabled patients while MADRS points out affective disorders. Decisions made after assessment were: no disability in 46.39% of the patients, grant an extension of paid sick leave days in 11.34%, permanent occupational disability to work in their previous job in 29.90% and permanent occupational disability to work in any job in 12.37%. Patients with permanent occupational disability were associated with low social support, prolonged psychiatric follow-up, family history of psychiatric disorders and diagnosis other than adjustment disorder. Conclusions: The functional assessment of psychiatric patients after a 12-month period of temporary disability showed no disability in 46.39% of the patients and it is usually bound to adjustment disorder. Psychometric scales may mark occupational disability. Markers of severity and dysfunction have been identified like social support experience, absence of a partner, psychiatric follow-up span, family history of psychiatric disorders and psychometric scales. Physical comorbidity is highly frequent and smoking habits are disturbing among psychiatric patients. Similar studies are needed to confirm our results and increase knowledge on this subject (AU)

[Malnutrition and total parenteral nutrition: a cohort study to determine the incidence of refeeding syndrome]. / Desnutrición y nutrición parenteral total: estudio de una cohorte para determinar la incidencia del síndrome de realimentación.

UNLABELLED: The Refeeding Syndrome is conformed by a series of clinical manifestations related to electrolytic alterations associated with the restarting of the nutritive contribution both enteral and parenteral. AIM: To detect the Refeeding Syndrome incidence in malnourished patients who required nutritional, enteral or endovenous support and its relationship with mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cohort study was performed in the service of Nutritional Support of the IMSS (Social Security Mexican Institute) Specialties Hospital CMN León, from June 1995 to May 1996. All patients with mild and severe malnutrition were included, they received endovenous or enteral nutritious support for more than 7 days, without presenting previous electrolytic unbalance. Serum potassium, phosphorous, and magnesium levels were determined before starting the nutritious support and also on the 3rd, 7th, and 10th days. Descriptive statistics, Student's t and Z test were used, with a 5% significance level. RESULTS: 148 patients with total nutritional support, 23 (16%) of them with restrained malnutrition and 65 (44%) with severe deficit. 54 men and 34 women with an average age of 51.6 +/- 19.4 years. Nineteen patients were eliminated due to a nutrition period of less than 7 days, and other 19 were also eliminated for presenting electrolytic alterations before the nutritive support started. An incidence of 48% of electrolytic alterations compatible with the refeeding syndrome was the result in the remaining 50 patients. The alterations were: hypomagnesemia 13/24, hypokalemia 12/24 and hypophosphatemia 4/24; in 55% of the cases the syndrome appeared at the third day of administration. Hospital sojourn of patients with the syndrome was 26.7 +/- 18 days vs 15.3 +/- 7 (p < 0.05) of those who did not present it. 15 patients died, 5 of them had electrolytic alterations before nutrition, 7 (29%) with refeeding syndrome and 3 (12%) did not presented it (p = 0.059). CONCLUSIONS: Refeeding Syndrome is a frequent entity in malnourished patients submitted to enteral or parenteral nutrition; at least in this study it was of 48%; its presence was followed by a longer hospital stay and a higher mortality rate.