Relationship between Depressive Symptoms, Caregiver Strain, and Social Support with Dementia Grief in Family Caregivers.

Background and Objectives: Dementia grief in family caregivers of people with dementia refers to grieving prior to the death of the care recipient. It is related to psychosocial risk factors that may have a negative impact on the health of these family caregivers. This study aimed to describe the relationship between depressive symptoms, caregiver strain, and social support with dementia grief in family caregivers of people with dementia. Materials and Methods: A descriptive correlational cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 250 family caregivers of people with dementia participated. Dementia grief was the main variable, and depressive symptoms, caregiver strain, and social support were assessed. Additionally, socio-demographic data were collected. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and a bivariate correlation analysis and a multiple linear regression analysis were performed for dementia grief. Results: Higher scores for dementia grief were found in women, in family caregivers of patients at advanced stages of dementia, and in family caregivers with a low level of education. High levels of depressive symptoms and caregiver strain and low levels of social support indicated greater intensity of dementia grief. Depressive symptomatology was the variable with the greatest influence on dementia grief. Caregiver strain and social support also related to dementia grief, but to a lesser extent. Conclusions: In family caregivers, depressive symptoms, caregiver strain, and social support are related to the intensity of dementia grief, with a greater influence of depressive symptoms. Moreover, being female, having a low level of education, and caring for a care recipient at an advanced stage of dementia are factors associated with increased dementia grief. Concerning study limitations, the sample was restricted, belonging to a specific region of Spain and to a Provincial Federation of associations. It is necessary to exercise caution in generalizing results due to the sociodemographic and geographical characteristics of the sample.

Affective Impact on Informal Caregivers over 70 Years of Age: A Qualitative Study.

Given today's rapidly ageing society, family members providing informal care to dependent older adults face ever-increasing challenges. The aim of this study was to describe the affective impact on older adults over 70 years of age caring for a dependent older person at home. A qualitative study was designed from a phenomenological perspective. Thirteen in-depth interviews were conducted with caregivers aged 70 or older. A content analysis of the interviews was carried out in five stages. Three themes were identified: "Emotions", "Feelings", and "Looking to the future". Caregivers express negative emotions (sadness, anger, and fear) and feelings of social and emotional isolation, and they feel abandoned by health professionals, family, and friends. In conclusion, prolonged caregiving by older adults has a negative affective impact and creates uncertainty about the future. There is a need to devise social and healthcare policies and actions, creating social support networks to improve their health and emotional wellbeing.

Psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the MM-CGI-SF in caregivers of people with dementia.

BACKGROUND: Caregivers of people with dementia may experience characteristic grief linked to present and anticipated losses before the physical death of the care recipient occurs, which is related to physical and mental health problems. The Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Inventory-Short Form (MM-CGI-SF) is an instrument that assesses this type of grief. Since there are no studies on an adaptation of the MM-CGI-SF to the Spanish population, the aim of the study was to evaluate its psychometric properties in a sample of caregivers of dementia patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out. The tool was translated and adapted into Spanish, which was administered to 250 caregivers of people with dementia in the province of Huelva, together with other related instruments. Descriptive statistics and internal consistency reliability were calculated using Cronbach's alpha, for the total questionnaire and for each subscale. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed and the Spanish version of the MM-CGI-SF was correlated with the rest of the variables by calculating Spearman's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: 80.4% of the participants were female and had high levels of caregiver grief ( x ¯ = 64.62, SD = 14.86). Cronbach's alpha for the general questionnaire was 0.927 and between 0.822-0.854 for its subscales. The fit values of the CFA were: x2 = 202.033, degrees of freedom = 121, x2 /df = 1.670, TLI = 0.954, CFI = 0.963, SRMR = 0.047, RMSEA = 0.052; and all the correlations were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the MM-CGI-SF shows adequate psychometric properties. Thanks to this instrument, health professionals may measure caregiver grief, get closer to the reality of dementia care, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to manage this grief.

[The perspective of caregivers from a gender analysis.] / La perspectiva de las personas cuidadoras desde un análisis de género.

OBJECTIVE: Gender influences the provision of family caregiving, identifying inequalities in the distribution of care-related tasks. The aim of this study was to analyze the gender influence in family caregiving, provided by elderly while, identifying the sociodemographic characteristics of caregivers. METHODS: Mixed, descriptive and phenomenological study was made. Eight women and five men aged seventy and over participated who cared for dependent people at home, selected by intentional sampling in Valencia. The analysis of the in-depth interviews was carried out in three stages: reading to the participants of the transcripts for their verification; discrimination of units of meaning; eidetic and phenomenological reduction to obtain the statements of meaning. Frequencies and percentages were calculated. RESULTS: The mean age, educational level and years dedicated to care were higher in caregivers. Caregivers had a greater burden related to caregiving. Three categories influenced by androcentric culture were idenfied: vital perspective; reasons that support care; coping strategies. 90% of female caregivers cared out of moral obligation, compassion, reciprocity, and love; and 80% of male caregivers by responsibility and reciprocity, obtaining a satisfactory achievement and learning. Both developed resilience skills, reaching higher levels of adaptation. Male caregivers used more protective coping mechanisms and 50% of female caregivers obtained the most comforting support from religion. CONCLUSIONS: Gender determines the meaning given to the experience of caring. The reasons and coping strategies in men and women are different.

OBJETIVO: El género influye en la prestación de cuidados familiares, identificándose desigualdades en la distribución de tareas relacionadas con el cuidado. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la influencia del género en los cuidados familiares, identificando las características sociodemográficas de los/as cuidadores/as. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio mixto, descriptivo y fenomenológico. Participaron ocho mujeres y cinco hombres de setenta y más años que cuidaban en el domicilio a personas dependientes, seleccionadas por muestreo intencional en Valencia. El análisis de las entrevistas en profundidad se realizó en tres etapas: lectura a los/las participantes de las transcripciones para su comprobación; discriminación de unidades de significado; reducción eidética y fenomenológica para obtener las declaraciones de significado. Se calcularon frecuencias y porcentajes. RESULTADOS: La edad media, el nivel de estudios y los años dedicados al cuidado fue mayor en los cuidadores. Las cuidadoras tenían una mayor carga relacionada con los cuidados. Se idenficaron tres categorías influenciadas por la cultura androcéntrica: perspectiva vital; motivos que sustentan el cuidado; estrategias de afrontamiento. Un 90 % de las cuidadoras lo hacían por obligación moral, compasión, reciprocidad y amor; y un 80 % de los cuidadores por responsabilidad y reciprocidad, obteniendo un logro y un aprendizaje satisfactorio. Ambos desarrollaron habilidades de resiliencia, alcanzando mayores niveles de adaptación. Los cuidadores utilizaron más mecanismos protectores de afrontamiento y un 50% de las cuidadoras obtuvieron en la religión el apoyo que más les reconfortaba. CONCLUSIONES: El género determina el significado que se otorga a la experiencia de cuidar. Los motivos y las estrategias de afrontamiento en hombres y mujeres son distintos.

La perspectiva de las personas cuidadoras desde un análisis de género / The perspective of caregivers from a gender analysis

Fundamentos: El género influye en la prestación de cuidados familiares, identificándose desigualdades en la distribución de tareas relacionadas con el cuidado. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la influencia del género en los cuidados familiares, identificando las características sociodemográficas de los/as cuidadores/as.Métodos: Se realizó un estudio mixto, descriptivo y fenomenológico. Participaron ocho mujeres y cinco hombres de setenta y más años que cuidaban en el domicilio a personas dependientes, seleccionadas por muestreo intencional en Valencia. El análisis de las entrevistas en profundidad se realizó en tres etapas: lectura a los/las participantes de las transcripciones para su comprobación; discriminación de unidades de significado; reducción eidética y fenomenológica para obtener las declaraciones de significado. Se calcularon frecuencias y porcentajes. Resultados: La edad media, el nivel de estudios y los años dedicados al cuidado fue mayor en los cuidadores. Las cuidadoras tenían una mayor carga relacionada con los cuidados. Se idenficaron tres categorías influenciadas por la cultura androcéntrica: perspectiva vital; motivos que sustentan el cuidado; estrategias de afrontamiento. Un 90 % de las cuidadoras lo hacían por obligación moral, compasión, reciprocidad y amor; y un 80 % de los cuidadores por responsabilidad y reciprocidad, obteniendo un logro y un aprendizaje satisfactorio. Ambos desarrollaron habilidades de resiliencia, alcanzando mayores niveles de adaptación. Los cuidadores utilizaron más mecanismos protectores de afrontamiento y un 50% de las cuidadoras obtuvieron en la religión el apoyo que más les reconfortaba. Conclusiones: El género determina el significado que se otorga a la experiencia de cuidar. Los motivos y las estrategias de afrontamiento en hombres y mujeres son distintos.(AU)

Background: Gender influences the provision of family caregiving, identifying inequalities in the distribution of care-related tasks. The aim of this study was to analyze the gender influence in family caregiving, provided by elderly while, identifying the sociodemographic characteristics of caregivers.Methods: Mixed, descriptive and phenomenological study was made. Eight women and five men aged seventy and over participated who cared for dependent people at home, selected by intentional sampling in Valencia. The analysis of the in-depth interviews was carried out in three stages: reading to the participants of the transcripts for their verification; discrimination of units of meaning; eidetic and phenomenological reduction to obtain the statements of meaning. Frequencies and percentages were calculated.Results: The mean age, educational level and years dedicated to care were higher in caregivers. Caregivers had a greater burden related to caregiving. Three categories influenced by androcentric culture were idenfied: vital perspective; reasons that support care; coping strategies. 90% of female caregivers cared out of moral obligation, compassion, reciprocity, and love; and 80% of male caregivers by responsibility and reciprocity, obtaining a satisfactory achievement and learning. Both developed resilience skills, reaching higher levels of adaptation. Male caregivers used more protective coping mechanisms and 50% of female caregivers obtained the most comforting support from religion. Conclusions: Gender determines the meaning given to the experience of caring. The reasons and coping strategies in men and women are different.(AU)

Barriers and Facilitators of Communication in the Medication Reconciliation Process during Hospital Discharge: Primary Healthcare Professionals' Perspectives.

The WHO established that medication errors are the most common and preventable errors and represent an expenditure of 42 billion U.S. dollars annually. The risk of medication errors increases in transitions between levels of care, mainly from hospital care to primary healthcare after hospital discharge. In this context, communication is a key element in the safety of the medication reconciliation process. The aim of this paper was to describe the barriers to, and facilitators of, effective communication during the medication reconciliation process at hospital discharge in people over 65 years of age, from the perspective of primary healthcare professionals. A qualitative descriptive study was designed, and in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 individuals, of whom 13 were nurses and 8 were physicians. This study was carried out with healthcare professionals belonging to primary healthcare centres in Huelva (Spain). Following content analysis of the discourses we identified 19 categories, grouped into three areas: interlevel communication, communication between primary healthcare professionals, and communication between healthcare professionals and patients/caregivers. The barriers found mainly relate to the adequacy and use of technological tools, time available, workload and the level of collaboration of patients/caregivers. Facilitating elements for communication in medication reconciliation included technologies, such as computerized medical history, protocolization of clinical sessions, the presence of case management nurse and interdisciplinary teamwork.

Reasons for choosing and completing nursing studies among incoming and outgoing students: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: The shortage of nurses is causing instability and crisis in health systems and will continue. The WHO reinforced the importance of recruiting and retaining new students. Authors of various studies recommend the need to identify and understand the reasons for pursuing a nursing degree. OBJECTIVES: To determine students' preference for nursing studies and to identify the reasons for choosing, continuing, and completing a bachelor's degree in nursing. DESIGN: Qualitative, descriptive study. PARTICIPANTS: 106 nursing students at the University of Huelva (Spain) participated during their first year (2017) and final year (2021) of the nursing degree. METHODS: This study was conducted with the same group of students in two phases. Data were collected in writing in a document with open-ended questions and no maximum wordcount. The responses were analysed using content analysis. RESULTS: A total of 76.4 % of participants stated that nursing had been their first choice. The main reasons for choosing a nursing degree were associated with fulfilment, and a desire to help others and interact with them. The reasons for completing their studies were primarily related to an interest in providing professional care, showing a deeper and more concrete knowledge of nursing care work. CONCLUSION: For most participants, nursing was their first choice due to a strong intrinsic motivation related to self-satisfaction in helping others. The reasons for completing this degree had extrinsic motivations linked to nursing activity in hospital. Areas such as management, teaching, or research were not interesting to our students. Knowing the causes of this lack of interest could help us attract them to these areas.

Effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving grief and depression in caregivers of people with dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Caregivers of people suffering from dementia may go through a grieving process prior to the death of the cared-for person, which is related to mental health and physical problems. Interventions aimed at improving grief and depression are being used in response to these difficulties. The aim of this study was to synthesize and evaluate the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving the grief process in home-based caregivers of people with dementia with the aim of reducing grief and depression. A systematic review, including a meta-analysis, was designed. Following the PRISMA guideline, original articles were searched in the databases: Medline, WOS, Scopus and PsycINFO, up to September 2022. Articles that evaluated interventions aimed at improving the grief process in caregivers of people with dementia, whose care recipients were alive at the beginning of the study at minimum and living at home were selected. Grief and depression were considered outcome variables. A meta-analysis was carried out with a fixed effects model for these variables and for the domains of the Caregiver Grief Scale (CGS). Eight articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most of the interventions aimed at improving the grief process showed an improvement in grief and depression. The 'emotional pain' and 'absolute loss' domains of the CGS stood out with an improvement in these variables. Interventions aimed at improving the grief process are relatively effective in reducing grief and depression. Interventions that are even more effective and more robust studies are needed.

Psychometric Properties of the Emotional Eater Questionnaire in University Students.

Emotional Eating (EE) patterns have been shown to play a relevant role in the development of overweight and obesity. The aim of this study was to analyze the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ) in university students from Huelva. The EEQ was administered to 1282 students (age 22.00 (±5.10), BMI 23.59 (±6.74)), belonging to the University of Huelva. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were carried out. The internal structure of the questionnaire, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity were analyzed. Principal component analysis of the questionnaire showed two dimensions, explaining 56% of the variance. Internal consistency showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.859 globally, and of 0.841-0.855 if the items were removed. The corrected item-total correlation yielded values of 0.444-0.687. The test-retest stability was ICC = 0.924 (p < 0.001). The data showed significant correlations between EEQ and the rest of the variables, and a Spearman's Coefficient ranging from -0.367 to 0.400. The fit indexes were good for the confirmatory factor analysis. The results obtained with this structure found an adequate reliability and validity of the questionnaire in comparison with previous studies.

Attitude towards the Promotion of Healthy Eating among Secondary School Teachers-Construction and Validation of a Questionnaire.

Health promotion activities in secondary schools are scarce and have little involvement of the teaching staff. Most often, activities are developed from the curriculum that appears in school materials, with little capacity for adaptation and innovation. The aim of this study was to construct and validate a tool to find out teachers' attitudes towards activities to promote healthy eating in secondary schools. For this purpose, a descriptive study was conducted. The total sample of the study consisted of 200 teachers from secondary schools. Internal consistency was determined by Cronbach's alpha coefficient globally and by dimension, and with the corrected item-test correlation. The construct validity of the questionnaire was assessed by means of an exploratory factor analysis, for which the principal components method with Varimax rotation was used. A Likert-type scale with nine items and four response options about attitude was designed. The exploratory factor analysis showed a nine-factor solution, of which two had eigenvalues greater than 1. These two factors explained 63.4% of the variance. The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency index obtained for the global scale was 0.81, and 0.75 and 0.85 for each component. The results obtained with this structure confirmed an adequate reliability and validity of the questionnaire.

Unbearable Suffering: A Concept Analysis.

To understand and analyze the concept of "unbearable suffering" using a concept analysis method and to propose a new nursing diagnosis, the Walker and Avant method of concept analysis was used. Following the concept analysis method in 8 steps, a literature search was carried out in the MEDLINE, Dialnet, WOS, and PsycINFO databases between 2016 and 2020. Articles of theoretical or empirical nature, written in English, with the abstract available were included. As a result, 11 articles (4 theoretical and 7 empirical) were included. In addition, 2 cases were developed. The proposed new diagnosis, "unbearable suffering," refers to the situation of an individual who, because of a variety of factors, regardless of the cause, feels that he/she is unable to bear the suffering he/she is experiencing. The diagnosis is proposed for inclusion in "Domain 9: Coping/Stress Tolerance" and "Class 2: Coping Responses" of the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association taxonomy. Recognition of a nursing diagnosis for unbearable suffering could be key in identifying this type of suffering and facilitating interventions to reduce or mitigate it. Nurses play a fundamental role in situations of high levels of end-of-life suffering.

Stigma towards Mental Disorders among Nursing Students and Professionals: A Bibliometric Analysis.

Stigma is one of the main barriers to prevention, treatment and recovery from mental illness. However, bibliometric studies in this area are still scarce. Therefore, our aim was to quantify and analyze the scientific literature on the stigma of nursing students and professionals towards mental disorders. To this purpose, bibliometric indicators of scientific production, impact and collaboration were used. Among our results, it stands out that only 14.3% of the total number of studies analyzed measure the efficacy of the interventions carried out to reduce stigma. Furthermore, with exceptions such as Happell B and Byrne L, collaborations between authors and institutions are limited. "Service user involvement" appeared as a prominent keyword in 2018, coinciding with the increase in publications on the effectiveness of interventions. Interventions based on the involvement of people with psychiatric diagnoses in the design of nursing curricula seem to become a promising line of research. More studies measuring the efficacy of such interventions are needed. Knowledge of the lines of research that are being developed and of the researchers and institutions involved can contribute to creating synergy between the different researchers and to continue adding projects to the existing ones, thus contributing to the generation of more robust results that show the most indicated interventions to reduce the still present stigma and improve care for people with psychiatric diagnoses.

How Effective Are Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Reducing Stress and Weight? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Stress contributes to the development and maintenance of obesity. Mindfulness-based therapies are being used to reduce stress and promote weight reduction and maintenance. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for stress and weight reduction in the short, medium, and long term. Searches on PsycINFO, Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, WOS, and Science Direct were conducted until March 2021. Intervention studies with a sample of adults were included; these evaluated a mindfulness-based intervention and used stress and weight or body mass index as outcome variables. These criteria were met by 13 articles. A meta-analysis of 8 of the 13 articles was performed with a random-effects or fixed-effects model, depending on the level of heterogeneity between studies. Mindfulness-based interventions had a small effect on stress reduction over a 3-month period: effect size (standardized mean difference) = -0.29 (95% CI: -0.49, -0.10). However, no significant evidence was found for stress reduction from 3 months onwards, nor for weight or body mass index reduction in any period. Mindfulness-based interventions are effective in reducing stress in the short term, but not in the medium or long term, nor are they effective for weight or body mass index. More robust and longer study designs are needed to determine their effects.

Emotional Intelligence and Perceived Health Related to Expressed Compassion Fatigue: A Study in Health Sector at Regional Level.

Background: The work of health professionals often involves physical as well as psychological strain. They constantly deal with traumatic situations of pain and suffering, which destabilize the sense of well-being. Compassion fatigue is a feeling that appears in these cases and is related to other variables such as burnout or emotional drain. Aims: The principal aim of this project was to deepen the analysis of compassion fatigue and how it could be explained through the relationship with other constructs such as emotional intelligence and perceived health. Methods: This work followed the STROBE checklist for cross-sectional studies. In this study 1,521 nurses (M age = 47.32; SD = 8.44) participated. The responses reported by the nurses were analyzed by classifying them as high or low compassion fatigue and the differences of both groups were analyzed for the variables of emotional intelligence, perceived health and quality of professional life. Results: It was obtained significant differences for all factors except for emotional intelligence factor. A linear regression analysis showed both emotional intelligence and perceived health helped to explain (12%) compassion fatigue. Conclusion: This study provides light on comprehending the conception of compassion fatigue. It highlights the importance of intervention programs that improve the quality of professional life.

Perceived health, perceived social support and professional quality of life in hospital emergency nurses.

BACKGROUND: Emergency department nurses are continually exposed to distressing experiences that can lead to burnout, compassion fatigue, and compassionate satisfaction, thus could affect the professional quality of life. The aim of this study was to analyse professional quality of life in hospital emergency department nurses based on perceived health, social support and a series of socio-demographic and sociooccupational variables. METHODS: This descriptive cross sectional study involved nursing professionals working at hospital emergency departments in Andalusia, Spain. Professional quality of life, perceived health, socio-demographic and occupational variables, and perceived social support were measured. A descriptive and multiple regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: A total of 253 nursing professionals participated, of which 62.5% had high levels of compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction (45.1%). Burnout levels were medium (58.5%). Perceived health significantly influenced on compassion fatigue and burnout. Perceived social support was found to be significantly related to all three dimensions of professional quality of life, but it had the greatest influence on the occurrence of burnout. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency department nurses in public hospitals are emotionally drained. Healthcare systems must develop intervention strategies to increase the quality of life of nursing professionals, which would lead to improved patient care. The promotion of compassion is a key element.

[Living and health conditions of the immigrant population of the settlements of Huelva.] / Condiciones de vida y salud de la población inmigrante de los asentamientos de Huelva.

OBJECTIVE: Due to the agricultural labor supply in the province of Huelva, the immigrant population has been growing, establishing a situation of irregularity that favors precarious work and hinders access to decent housing. Therefore, our objective was to identify the socio-sanitary needs of the immigrant population facing the living conditions with which they live in the irregular settlements of the province of Huelva. METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study of mixed method on an estimated population of 2500 residents in 23 settlements. A quantitative study of socio-sanitary variables was carried out using a survey and observation guide, and a water, air and soil quality study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 inhabitants of the settlements until the saturation of the speeches. RESULTS: The settlements were located far away from the towns. Surrounded by garbage, without running water, electricity, sewer, toilets or showers. Its residents were stocked up on purchased food and water from fields, wells and public fountains, which they stored in jugs of plant protection products. They were mostly in an irregular situation. 49% had a health card and 48% ever went to a health center, declared mostly a good perception of health. They stood out as expressed needs: access to water (main demand), protection from the risk of fire, improvement of the irregular situation and the working conditions, and the need to help and to protect their family of origin. CONCLUSIONS: These living conditions belong to an underdeveloped environment within an advanced society, with access to water being the main problem. Legal irregularity is key for them, preventing them regularized employment contracts and the perception of being able to access to a better future. Their self-perception of health is good and they do not make a greater use of health services, despite the conditions in which they live.

OBJETIVO: Debido a la oferta laboral agrícola de la provincia de Huelva, la población inmigrante ha ido creciendo, estableciéndose una situación de irregularidad que favorece las labores precarias y dificulta el acceso a una vivienda digna. Por ello, nuestro objetivo fue identificar las necesidades socio-sanitarias de la población inmigrante ante las condiciones de vida con las que habitan en los asentamientos irregulares de la provincia de Huelva. METODOS: Estudio descriptivo transversal de método mixto sobre una población estimada de 2.500 residentes en 23 asentamientos. Se realizó estudio cuantitativo de variables socio-sanitarias mediante encuesta y guía de observación y estudio calidad de agua, aire y suelo. Se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas a 13 habitantes de asentamientos hasta la saturación de los discursos. RESULTADOS: Los asentamientos se localizaban alejados de los municipios. Rodeados de basura, sin agua corriente, electricidad, alcantarillado, inodoros ni duchas. Sus residentes se abastecían de alimentos comprados y agua procedente de campos, pozos y fuentes públicas, que almacenaban en garrafas de productos fitosanitarios. Mayoritariamente estaban en situación irregular. Un 49% tenían tarjeta sanitaria y un 48% acudieron alguna vez a un centro sanitario, manifestando mayoritariamente una buena percepción de salud. Destacaron como necesidades expresadas: el acceso al agua (demanda principal), protección ante el riesgo de incendio, mejora de la situación de irregularidad y las condiciones de trabajo, y la necesidad ayudar y proteger a su familia de origen. CONCLUSIONES: Estas condiciones de vida pertenecen a un entorno sub-desarrollado dentro de una sociedad avanzada, siendo el acceso al agua, el problema principal. La irregularidad legal es clave para ellos, impidiéndoles contratos de trabajo regularizados y la percepción de poder acceder a un futuro mejor. Su autopercepción de salud es buena y no hacen un mayor uso de los servicios sanitarios, a pesar de las condiciones en las que habitan.

Nurses' Perceptions on the Implementation of a Safe Drug Administration Protocol and Its Effect on Error Notification.

Patient safety and quality of care are fundamental pillars in the health policies of various governments and international organizations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate nurses' perceptions on the degree of implementation of a protocol for the standardization of care and to measure its influence on notification of adverse events related to the administration of medications. This comparative study used data obtained from questionnaires completed by 180 nurses from medical and surgical units. Our analyses included analysis of variance and regression models. We observe that the responses changed unevenly over time in each group, finding significant differences in all comparisons. The mean response rating was increased at 6 months in the intervention group, and this level was maintained at 12 months. With the new protocol, a total of 246 adverse events and 481 incidents without harm was reported. Thus, actions such as the use of protocols and event notification systems should be implemented to improve quality of care and patient safety.

Understanding the concept of compassion from the perspectives of nurses.

BACKGROUND: The high level of satisfaction of users of a health service is largely due to the fact that they receive excellent care from healthcare professionals. Compassionate care is an essential component of excellent care. But what do nurses understand compassion to be? RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: To analyse the concept of compassion from the perspective of nurses in the Andalusian Public Health System, Spain. RESEARCH DESIGN: This is a qualitative study following the grounded theory model. Four focus groups and 25 in-depth interviews were conducted. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT: A total of 68 nursing professionals working in the Andalusian Public Health System (Spain) participated. Theoretical sampling was used, with participants being recruited using the snowball technique. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: This research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Centro-Almería Health District (CEICA 27/9/17). FINDINGS: From the analysis of the data, four themes emerged that helped to understand the concept of compassion according to nurses: 'Negative perception of the term compassion', 'Compassion and empathy as synonyms', 'Beyond empathy', and 'Effects of having a compassionate attitude'. DISCUSSION: Nurses perceive the concept of compassion differently to each other and even contradictorily. This concept is imbued with cultural elements, which adds confusion to understanding it, and is even perceived as something negative similar to pity. CONCLUSION: Nurses confuse the concepts of empathy and compassion as if they were synonymous. Before considering training in compassion for healthcare professionals, it is essential to clarify the concept of compassion through educational interventions.

A qualitative emancipatory inquiry into relationships between people with mental disorders and health professionals.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: A therapeutic alliance with people with mental disorders could help increase the efficacy of treatment. The paradigm shift from a paternalistic model to one that respects the person's autonomy has led to professionals accepting the active role of people with mental disorders making decisions that affect their treatment. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: People with mental disorders perceive paternalistic and stigmatizing attitudes from health professionals, and they do not feel involved in decisions about their health, which can render effective therapeutic alliances difficult. The findings reveal that although people in Mediterranean countries are used to paternalistic treatment from health professionals due to cultural factors, people with mental disorders are increasingly critical of how they are treated and demand greater autonomy and respect in the decision to undergo drug therapy. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: In their interactions with people with mental disorders, health professionals should include efforts aimed at improving shared decision-making capabilities and avoiding paternalistic or stigmatizing attitudes. ABSTRACT: Introduction A therapeutic alliance with people is essential for the efficacy of treatments. However, the traditional paternalistic values of the Mediterranean society may be incompatible with patient autonomy. Aim To explore the therapeutic relationship from the perspective of people diagnosed with mental disorders with health professionals, including nurses. Methods This emancipatory research was performed through focus groups, with people with mental disorders who had a variety of diagnoses and experiences of acute and community-based mental health services and other healthcare services. Data were analysed using the content analysis method. Results Four main themes emerged: stereotypes and prejudice; quality of interactions and treatment; emotional and behavioural impacts; and demands. Discussion According to the participants' descriptions, health professionals are not exempt from prejudice against persons with psychiatric diagnoses. They reported experiencing abuse of power, malpractice, and overmedication. Thus, in the Mediterranean culture, professional attitudes may represent a barrier for an appropriate therapeutic alliance, and people with mental disorders do not feel involved in making decisions about their health. Implications for practice Knowing how people with mental disorders perceive their interactions with health professionals and the effects is necessary to move the care model towards more symmetric relationships that facilitate a therapeutic alliance.

Qualitative study on the causes and consequences of compassion fatigue from the perspective of nurses.

Compassion is one of the core elements of nursing care. Continued exposure to patient pain and suffering puts nurses at risk of developing compassion fatigue. The aim of this study was to understand the causes and consequences of compassion fatigue from the perspective of nurses. To this end, a qualitative design based on the hermeneutic phenomenology paradigm was used. Five focus group sessions were held with 43 nursing professionals. Two themes and six sub-themes emerged from the analysis of their discourses in relation to the impact of compassion fatigue on nurses. Based on the results obtained, the causes perceived as generating compassion fatigue are the lack of time and resources to provide comprehensive nursing care. The consequences identified were difficulties in carrying out their work, repercussions on family and private life, anxiety, stress, and, in some cases, the desire to quit the profession. This study concluded that healthcare organizations are key to fostering compassionate care and that cultivating compassion is necessary to prevent compassion fatigue.