Mónico Sánchez Moreno: A pioneer in radiologic technology.

Mónico Sánchez Moreno (1880-1961) was an important figure in the early years of electromedicine, rubbing elbows with world-class physicists like Nikola Tesla. Her main contribution to the field was the invention and commercialization of a portable X-ray generator, replacing the heavy transformer had been necessary to generate power with a lightweight portable device that could work with direct or alternating current at 220 or 125V. This device was easily adaptable to other applications in electromedicine, such as cauterization or disinfection. This indefatigable entrepreneur could have triumphed in America, but preferred to work toward furthering technological development in the land that she loved. Her efforts made it possible to have an affordable device made in Spain that would allow radiological examinations to be done in places where it would have been otherwise unthinkable. In conclusion, Mónico Sánchez Moreno was a self-made woman who deserves to be remembered for her pioneering role in portable radiology.

Mónico Sánchez Moreno: un pionero de la tecnología radiológica / Mónico Sánchez Moreno: a pioneer in radiologic technology

Mónico Sánchez Moreno (1880-1961) fue un personaje destacado en los primeros años de la electromedicina, llegando a codearse con figuras encumbradas de la física mundial como Nikola Tesla. Su principal aportación fue la invención y comercialización de un generador portátil de rayos X, sustituyendo el pesado transformador que se requería para generar corriente por un equipo ligero, portátil, que funcionaba con corriente continua o alterna, a 220 o 125 V, fácilmente adaptable para otras aplicaciones de electromedicina como la cauterización o la desinfección. Este emprendedor infatigable, que podía haber triunfado en América, prefirió invertir su esfuerzo en impulsar el desarrollo tecnológico en la tierra que amaba, permitiendo disponer de un equipo de fabricación nacional, asequible, que pudo llevar la exploración radiológica a rincones impensables de otro modo. En conclusión, Mónico Sánchez Moreno fue un hombre hecho a sí mismo, que merece ser recordado como pionero de la radiología portátil.(AU)

Mónico Sánchez Moreno (1880-1961) was an important figure in the early years of electromedicine, rubbing elbows with world-class physicists like Nikola Tesla. Her main contribution to the field was the invention and commercialization of a portable X-ray generator, replacing the heavy transformer had been necessary to generate power with a lightweight portable device that could work with direct or alternating current at 220 or 125V. This device was easily adaptable to other applications in electromedicine, such as cauterization or disinfection. This indefatigable entrepreneur could have triumphed in America, but preferred to work toward furthering technological development in the land that she loved. Her efforts made it possible to have an affordable device made in Spain that would allow radiological examinations to be done in places where it would have been otherwise unthinkable. In conclusion, Mónico Sánchez Moreno was a self-made woman who deserves to be remembered for her pioneering role in portable radiology.(AU)

Mónico Sánchez Moreno: a pioneer in radiologic technology. / Mónico Sánchez Moreno: un pionero de la tecnología radiológica.

Mónico Sánchez Moreno (1880-1961) was an important figure in the early years of electromedicine, rubbing elbows with world-class physicists like Nikola Tesla. Her main contribution to the field was the invention and commercialization of a portable X-ray generator, replacing the heavy transformer had been necessary to generate power with a lightweight portable device that could work with direct or alternating current at 220 or 125V. This device was easily adaptable to other applications in electromedicine, such as cauterization or disinfection. This indefatigable entrepreneur could have triumphed in America, but preferred to work toward furthering technological development in the land that she loved. Her efforts made it possible to have an affordable device made in Spain that would allow radiological examinations to be done in places where it would have been otherwise unthinkable. In conclusion, Mónico Sánchez Moreno was a self-made woman who deserves to be remembered for her pioneering role in portable radiology.

Condición nutricional de escolares indígenas otomíes en situación de alta marginación / Nutritional status of indigenous Otomi schoolchildren in high marginal situation / Estado nutricional de população escolar de cultura indígena otomí em situação de alta marginalização

Resumen Introducción: El panorama de la salud y nutrición de la población mexicana se enmarca en la conjunción de desnutrición crónica infantil, sobre todo en el medio rural e indígena, y el incremento significativo del sobrepeso y obesidad. Esta información proveniente de encuestas arroja resultados generalizados, sin considerar las particularidades del contexto biosociocultural en que viven comunidades indígenas, codeterminante de la condición nutricional de éstas. Objetivo: Estudiar el estatus nutricional de un grupo de escolares de cultura otomí residentes en una comunidad de México en situación de marginación, considerando el contexto biosociocultural en el que viven. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo transversal realizado en una localidad del Estado de México. Muestra por conveniencia constituida por 214 menores, entre 6 y 12 años de edad. Se emplearon técnicas antropométricas internacionalmente aceptadas para recabar la estatura y el peso, y se calculó el IMC. El estatus de nutrición se estimó con base en el peso, la estatura y el IMC para la edad y se compararon con los referentes de la OMS. Resultados: La prevalencia de estatura baja para la edad y la desnutrición es menor, no así el sobrepeso/obesidad que afecta a un tercio de los menores. Solo para el IMC por edad y sexo hubo diferencias en ciertos grupos de edad. Las puntuaciones z de los tres indicadores son semejantes entre niños y niñas. Discusión y Conclusiones: En comparación con los parámetros nacional y estatal, los menores estudiados muestran prevalencia menor de sobrepeso y obesidad asociado a su contexto sociocultural.

Abstract Introduction: The health and nutrition outlook of the Mexican population may be framed in terms of chronic infant malnutrition, largely in the rural and indigenous sectors, and a significant increase in overweight and obesity. This general information is obtained from surveys without taking into account the biosociocultural context that is a codeterminant of the nutritional condition of many small indigenous communities. Objective: To study the nutritional status of Otomí school children living in a marginalized Mexican community from the perspective of the biosociocultural context in which they live. Methods: This is a prospective and transversal study carried out in a location of the state of México, México. The convenience sample was constituted by 214 children between 6 and 12 years old. Internationally accepted anthropometric techniques were used to collect data on the height and weight of these children. BMIs were calculated. The status of nutrition was estimated based on the expected weight, height, and BMI for each age. These data were compared with the corresponding WHO references. Results: The prevalence of low height and malnutrition related to the ages of these children was found to be low, but one in three of these children was found to be overweight or obese. There were some age groups differences regarding the BMI. The z scores of the three indicators are similar between boys and girls. Discussion and Conclusions: In comparison to the national and state parameters, the children studied showed a low prevalence of overweight and obesity associated with their sociocultural context.

Resumo Introdução: O panorama da saúde e nutrição da população mexicana se enquadra na conjunção de desnutrição infantil crónica, sobretudo no médio rural e indígena, e o incremento significativo do sobrepeso e obesidade. Esta informação vinda de enquetes gera resultados generalizados, sem considerar as particularidades do contexto biosociocultural em que vivem comunidades indígenas, co-determinante da condição nutricional destas. Objetivo: Estudar o estado nutricional de um grupo de escolares de cultura Otomí residentes em uma comunidade do México em situação de marginação, considerando o contexto biosociocultural em que vivem. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo transversal realizado em uma localidade do Estado do México. Amostra de conveniência constituída por 214 menores entre 6 e 12 anos de idade. Empregaram-se técnicas antropométricas internacionalmente aceitas para coletar a altura e o peso, e foi calculado o IMC. O estado de nutrição foi estimado com base no peso, a altura e o IMC para a idade e foram comparados com os referentes da OMS. Resultados: A prevalência da baixa altura para a idade e a desnutrição é menor, no entanto o sobrepeso/obesidade afeta a um terço dos meninos. Apenas para o IMC por grupos de idade e sexo houve diferenças em determinadas faixas etárias. As pontuações z dos três indicadores são semelhantes entre meninos e meninas. Discussão e Conclusões: Em comparação com os parâmetros nacionais e estaduais, os meninos estudados mostram menor prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade associado ao seu contexto sociocultural.

Síndrome de aorta media: presentación de tres casos pediátricos / Middle aortic syndrome: a report of three pediatric cases

El síndrome de aorta media (SAM) consiste en una estenosis de la aorta abdominal generalmente con inclusión de las arterias renales y viscerales. Es un síndrome muy infrecuente (0,5-2%), aunque una causa importante de hipertensión arterial (HTA) en niños y adolescentes. Se cree que su origen embriológico se debe a un fallo en la fusión de las dos aortas dorsales y la etiología es idiopática en un alto porcentaje. Su localización es interrenal en el 54% de los casos. Clínicamente cursa con HTA, sintomática o no. A la exploración puede apreciarse soplo abdominal, pulsos femorales disminuidos o ausentes y diferencia de TA entre miembros superiores e inferiores. La angiografía es considerada la técnica de elección aunque las técnicas angiográficas no invasivas mediante RM y TC se encuentran al mismo nivel diagnóstico. La ecografía es la primera técnica de despistaje. El tratamiento médico consiste en la combinación de diferentes antihipertensivos. El tratamiento quirúrgico puede ser curativo(AU)

The middle aortic syndrome (MAS) is caused by stenosis of the abdominal aorta, often accompanied by concomitant stenosis of the renal or visceral arteries. Although MAS is uncommon (0.5-2%), it is an important cause of hypertension in children and adolescents. It is thought to originate in a failure of the two dorsal aortas to fuse during embryological development, and a high percentage of cases are idiopathic. MAS affects the segment of the aorta between the renal arteries in 54% of cases. Clinically, it courses with symptomatic or asymptomatic arterial hypertension. On physical examination, findings include an abdominal bruit, diminished or absent femoral pulses, and a difference between the arterial pressure of the upper and lower limbs. Angiography is the technique of choice, although noninvasive MR angiography and CT angiography have similar diagnostic accuracy. Ultrasonography is the primary screening technique. Medical treatment consists of a combination of different antihypertensives. Surgical treatment can be curative(AU)

[Middle aortic syndrome: a report of three pediatric cases]. / Síndrome de aorta media: presentación de tres casos pediátricos.

The middle aortic syndrome (MAS) is caused by stenosis of the abdominal aorta, often accompanied by concomitant stenosis of the renal or visceral arteries. Although MAS is uncommon (0.5-2%), it is an important cause of hypertension in children and adolescents. It is thought to originate in a failure of the two dorsal aortas to fuse during embryological development, and a high percentage of cases are idiopathic. MAS affects the segment of the aorta between the renal arteries in 54% of cases. Clinically, it courses with symptomatic or asymptomatic arterial hypertension. On physical examination, findings include an abdominal bruit, diminished or absent femoral pulses, and a difference between the arterial pressure of the upper and lower limbs. Angiography is the technique of choice, although noninvasive MR angiography and CT angiography have similar diagnostic accuracy. Ultrasonography is the primary screening technique. Medical treatment consists of a combination of different antihypertensives. Surgical treatment can be curative.

Diabetic ketoacidosis in adults: clinical and laboratory features.

In this retrospective study, we report the clinical and biochemical features of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in adult patients who were managed at the Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición during a 6.5 year period. There were 98 episodes in 46 patients: 22 females (48%) and 24 males (52%). Six patients (13%) had four or more episodes of DKA. Thirty five percent of the events occurred in patients with IDDM; 48% in "late onset" NIDDM: 9% in "early onset" and 9% in classical NIDDM. Infections as the precipitating factor in 41% of episodes of DKA were the initial manifestation of diabetes. We compared our results with those from other reported series, finding no differences among them. The mean anion gap in our series was 30.4. Main complications identified were hypokalemia in five cases, hypoglycemia in four cases, hypernatremia in four cases, and acute pulmonary edema, ventricular fibrillation, neurological deficit and coma in one case each. There were three deaths (6.5%) in the whole group. To our knowledge, this is the largest series on adult patients with DKA reported in our country in the last decade. The obtained results may help evaluate prospectively the impact of different diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the management of DKA.

[Changes in body proportion as indicators of biological age]. / Cambios en la proporcionalidad corporal como indicadores de edad biológica.

Modifications in body proportionality translates into the different stages of development during the growing years of one's life. The lack of more direct and applied information on the topic, originated the current study, where already-published somatometric material was used. Two internationally accepted forms to measure the upper and lower portions of the body were analyzed: measuring height while in the sitting position (TS) or calculating height by using the difference in height minus that found in the sitting position (T-TS), or by measuring the lower segment (SI) or by subtracting and obtaining the value for the upper segment (SS). Since TS includes the muscular and fatty thickness of the gluteus, the value for T-TS is always lesser than that for the upper part of the body and therefore these are variables which do not clearly illustrate changes in linear proportionality. On the other hand, the SS is greater than the SI during infancy and the pre-school years. This relationship is later inverted (the only time during which both values are the same), a finding which occurs in small girls aged 4 years and 10 months, and little boys at the age of 6 years and 3 months. Therefore, these values and the point at which they intersect, constitute an excellent development age marker in an age for which, until now, no indicators with a practical application exists besides that of "bone age".

[Some indicators of lineal and craniofacial proportionality in newborn infants]. / Algunos indicadores de proporcionalidad lineal y craneofacial en el recién nacido.

Looking for intersexual differences in size and lineal and craniofacial proportionality, assumed to be secondary to genetic induction, non-distorted by environmental factors, we studied 200 newborns from families who were residents in proletarian zones, parents with very similar education and employment (qualified workers). We chose 15 size measurements from which we derived 23 ratios and 15 craniofacial measurements with four key indices. Significant but discrete intersexual differences were found in height and in cranial circumference, and larger differences in leg, foot, forearm and arm length; there were no differences in the proportionality indices. In eight of the 10 craniofacial measurements there were intersexual differences, but not on the ratios derived from them. We conclude that as an expression of genetic induction (accepting "size" as a phenomenon of accumulated growth, and the "ratios" of development or differentiation) what we found confirms other studies that point out that when a boy is born, he is bigger in size but less developed than the girl.

[Significance of the upper segment of the body: a hypothesis to consider]. / El significado del segmento superior: una hipótesis por considerar.

Considering the unquestionable echosensitivity of the lower segment and the great resistance that the upper segment shows to the negative action of the environmental factors, the study of the final height predictions was carried out based on the magnitude of the present height of the lower and the upper segments under the hypothesis that such predictions, but specially those involving the latter, would express the minimal genetic potential that each group would have as an average and that would approach considerably the one established for 18 year -old subjects selected to design reference patterns. For such purpose, 1 011 females, from 12 to 20 years of age and belonging to different socioeconomical levels were studied. In those belonging to the highest level, (normal growth) there were no significant differences in predictions made; on the other hand, subjects of the lowest level showed very noticeable differences in spite of which, predictions made, considering the upper segment, did not differ significantly from those made for the other group, nor with the height accepted as normal in reference patterns (160.6 +/- 7.4 cm).

[Body constitution in children in Cuentepec, Morelos]. / Composición corporal en niños de Cuentepec, Morelos.

A somatometric estimation of the body constitution was made in 87 females and 72 males applying the values of weight and height, the muscle circumference and medial section of the left arm and fat area of that section. The material represented 28.57 and 23.61% respectively of the total number of the 5 to 19 years-old inhabitants of the Nahua community of Cuentepec, Morelos. Weight and height, -but specially the latter-were impaired, both in males as in females, but more markedly in the latter. The weight as expected for the height was not affected. The behavior of the total area of the arm was quite similar to that of the body weight. In contrast, in females under 14 years old, the muscle area of the arm was located as an average, slightly below the limits of normality; subsequently, it was normal. In males it was significantly lower than in females. The fat area was the most deteriorated and the defect was persistently greater in females than in males. All this means protection mechanisms of the active tissue mass (homeorrhesis) leading to a greater resistance in females, but at the same time, being responsible for a decrease in magnitude of the somatometric expression of the sexual dimorphism.

El significado del segmento superior:una hipotesis por considerar. / The significance of the upper segment:an hypothesis to consider

Tomando como base la indudable ecosensibilidad del segmento inferior y la notable resistencia que el segmento superior muestra frente a la accion negativa de los factores ambientales, se considero oportuno el estudio de las predicciones de talla final hechas en base a la magnitud de talla actual, del segmento inferior y del segmento superior, en la hipotesis de que las realizadas en funcion de este ultimo expresarian el minimo potencial genetico que en promedio tendria cada grupo y que ellos se aproximarian considerablemente a la establecida en sujetos de 18 anos, seleccionados para elaborar patrones de referencia. Para ello, se estudiaron 1011 mujeres de 12 a 20 anos de edad pertenecientes a tres niveles socioeconomicos. En las de mejor condicion socioeconomica (crecimiento normal), no hubo diferencias significativas en las predicciones hechas; contrariamente, en las debiles sociales las hubo muy acentuadas, a pesar de lo cual las predicciones hechas en base al segmento superior no difirieron significativamente ni con las hechas para el otro grupo ni con la talla aceptada como normal en los patrones de referencia (160.5 mais ou menos 7.4 cm)

[Frequency of malnutrition in a group of female students for 12 to 20 years of age]. / Frecuencia de la desnutrición en un grupo de estudiantes del sexo femenino de 12 a 20 años de edad.

A study on the state of nutrition was caried out in a group of 882 female students 12 to 20 years old attending public schools in Mexico City. Five somatometric variables were considered: weight and height in relation to age; weight in relation to height; perimeters of arm and leg. According to the weight in terms of age, 46% of cases fell within limits of normality (M +/- 1 D.S. of mentioned patterns); according to the perimeter of leg, this took place in 49% of the total and according to the perimeter of the arm, in 36%. Weight in relation to height was normal in 53% of cases and height in relation to age, in 62%. Frequency of subnormal cases was 47% for weight/age; 41% for perimeter of leg; 56% for perimeter of arm; 28% for weight/height and 33% for height/age. That of cases above M + 1 D.S. was, respectively of 7, 10, 7, 19 and 5% of the whole. Cases with overweight in relation to height, became more frequent as age increased, coincidentally also with greater frequency of cases with deficient perimeter of leg. According to perimeter of leg, 13% of these girl students might he considered affected of second degree malnutrition, this situation prevailed from 13 to 18 years of age, but was not true in the 12--year--old group. Out of all variables studied, perimeter of the leg was considered the most useful index to determine the state of nutrition. Weight in relation to height was used to judge the degree of adaptation (homeorrhesis). However, it is apparently more adequate to make an interpretation of the information obtained from the integration of the five variables considered.