The Sociostructural-Intersectional Body Image (SIBI) framework: Understanding the impact of white supremacy in body image research and practice.

White supremacy and racial inequities have long pervaded psychological research, including body image scholarship and practice. The experiences of white, heterosexual, able-bodied, cisgender (predominantly college) women from wealthy, Westernized nations have been centered throughout body image research and practice, thereby perpetuating myths of invulnerability among racialized groups and casting white ideals and experiences as the standard by which marginalized bodies are compared. Body image is shaped by multiple axes of oppression that exist within systemic and structural systems, ultimately privileging certain bodies above others. In this position paper, we highlight how white supremacy has shaped body image research and practice. In doing so, we first review the history of body image research and explain how participant sampling, measurement, interpretive frameworks, and dissemination of research have upheld and reinforced white supremacy. Next, grounded in inclusivity and intersectionality, we advance the Sociostructural-Intersectional Body Image (SIBI) framework to more fully understand the body image experiences of those with racialized and minoritized bodies, while challenging and seeking to upend white supremacy in body image research and practice. We encourage other scholars to utilize the SIBI framework to better understand body inequities and the body image experiences of all people, in all bodies.

Relationships between experiencing anti-fat microaggressions, body appreciation, and perceived physical and mental health.

This study examined whether body appreciation mediates the relationships between anti-fat microaggression experiences and perceived physical and mental health. Using a cross-sectional survey design, our study included 384 adult cisgender women in the United States. We found that anti-fat microaggression experiences had a negative association with body appreciation, and perceived physical and mental health. Body appreciation had a positive relationship to perceived physical and mental health. Our study further suggests that body appreciation is an important modifiable factor that mediates the relationships between anti-fat microaggression experiences and perceived mental and physical health. Implications for practice and research are discussed.

Interdisciplinary, Inclusive, and Innovative: Promoting a Paradigmatic Shift in Cancer Research Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Adolescents and Young Adults.

Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) adolescents and young adults (AYA) face heightened risks of cancer due to cissexism and transphobia in healthcare, low cancer screening rates, limited knowledge and awareness of cancer risk and screenings, poor healthcare experiences, and exposure to sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Despite this, TGD AYA cancer risk is relatively unexamined in oncology research. To intervene early and mitigate risk, we require holistic understandings of cancer risk among TGD AYA. This research brief engages with an interdisciplinary knowledge base to identify gaps and limitations warranting critical attention by TGD AYA and cancer scholars. The current literature on TGD AYA risks for cancer are explored with specific attention to the social environment and its impact on cancer risk. The brief ends with a call to action for a paradigmatic shift to promote inclusive, innovative, and interdisciplinary cancer research with TGD AYA.

"It really presents a struggle for females, especially my little girl": Exploring fathers' experiences discussing body image with their young daughters.

Body dissatisfaction in children, particularly young girls, is a growing concern around the world. The home environment can have a strong influence on children's well-being, and parents may contribute to their children's positive or negative body image development. Nearly all research on parent influence on body image has focused on mothers, leaving fathers' attitudes and experiences poorly-understood. To address this gap in the literature, we interviewed 30 fathers (Mage = 40.30; SD = 7.48) of girls between the ages of 5 and 10 about the conversations they have with their daughters regarding body image. Through thematic analysis, we identified three primary themes: barriers to effective communication, combatting negative influences, and strategies for discussing body image. Fathers recognized the importance of talking about body image with their daughters, yet many did not feel confident or competent to do so effectively. They engaged in a variety of strategies to combat adverse cultural influences and encourage self-expression, character development, and mental and physical health in their daughters. However, messages about health were sometimes conflated with messages about thinness or food restriction. Implications for families and future research are discussed.

Body Appreciation and Discontinuing Contraceptive Use Due to Concern About Weight Gain: A Brief Report.

Objective: This study explored the relationship between body appreciation and discontinuing contraception due to concern about weight gain. Methods: A racially and ethnically diverse sample of women, from the United States, (n = 494) was recruited online. Binomial logistic regression was used for analysis. Results: Participants with higher body appreciation were less likely to stop taking birth control due to concern about weight gain (OR = 0.56, p = .002). These results suggest body appreciation may be a defense against concern about weight gain associated with contraceptive use. Conclusions: Interventions aimed at increasing women's body appreciation, body positivity, as well as decreasing weight stigma could improve contraception use.

Sexual function in hook-up culture: The role of body image.

Hook-up mobile apps are increasing in popularity and research suggests sexual function may be lower among those who hook-up compared to those who have sex in a longer-term relationship. Sexual function is an important predictor of well-being; however, we know little about the psychosocial antecedents of sexual function, such as body image, among those who use hook-up apps. The current study aims to examine two measures of positive body image and one measure of body image self-consciousness during intimate activity among a sample of adult women and men who have hooked up in the previous month using a hook-up mobile app (N = 243). Our results suggest that higher body image self-consciousness during intimate activity was related to lower sexual function composite score and several specific domains (i.e., pain, arousal, orgasm, and lubrication) among women. Higher body appreciation was related to higher sexual satisfaction among women. Higher body image self-consciousness during intimate activity was related to higher erection difficulty, but not ejaculation difficulty, among men. These findings highlight the nuanced nature of body image and sexual function and provide further evidence that interventions for women and men aiming to improve some body image constructs may improve sexual function as well.

Body Appreciation and Health Care Avoidance: A Brief Report.

Research suggests that body image is related to health behaviors and health care use, but possible mechanisms for this relationship remain unclear. The current study examined the presence of a relationship between body appreciation and avoiding the doctor to avoid being weighed, using a diverse sample of women (N = 499). Controlling for body size and determinants of health care utilization, logistic regression results suggested that women with higher body appreciation were less likely to avoid health care to avoid being weighed (odds ratio = 0.38, p < .001). In addition, differences in avoiding the doctor to avoid being weighed were found for the covariates (that is, age, race, body mass index, and socioeconomic status). These results inform knowledge regarding barriers to health care use and the relationship between body image and health care use. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications for future research, social work interventions, and social work education to promote women's health and well-being.

Body Image and Sexual Behavior Among Adult Men Who "Hook Up".

Understanding the psychosocial variables associated with sexual behavior is critical, particularly among high-risk individuals such as those who hook-up. It is possible body image is one of these variables. The current study aimed to examine the relationship between body appreciation and body image self-consciousness and three sexual health-related behaviors: 1) condom usage, 2) HIV screening, and 3) STI screening among a sample of adult men who have hooked up at least once in the past month (n = 243). We found that higher levels of body appreciation were related to being less likely to use condoms and higher levels of body image self-consciousness were related to being less likely to be screened for HIV and STIs. The conflicting results suggest additional research is warranted.

"On a Journey to Appreciate What My Body Does for Me": Qualitative Results from a Positive Body Image Pilot Intervention Study.

Research suggests body appreciation is related to mental, physical, and sexual health behaviors and outcomes that are relevant to social workers and public health clinicians. As such, it is imperative to develop and test interventions that aim to improve body appreciation. The current study is part of a larger pilot intervention study that utilized 3D scanning technology. During the intervention, 18-25-year-old women digitally "painted" their avatar on a computer based on a series of prompts from the researcher. The purpose of this study is to qualitatively explore how a small subsample of the participants (n = 18) experienced this innovative intervention and how they view themselves differently post-intervention. Using thematic analysis, we uncovered three themes: 1) ways of defining body image, 2) importance of body function over aesthetics, and 3) body acceptance and appreciation. This study provides support for the use of one-time individual-level interventions focused on body appreciation and functionality over appearance. Implications are discussed.

Eating Breakfast and Family Meals in Adolescence: The Role of Body Image.

Regularly eating breakfast and meals with family has important health implications for youth. However, the association between eating breakfast and family meals regularly with body image has not been explored. Utilizing the 2009-2010 World Health Organization's Health Behavior in School-Aged Children U.S. survey (N = 12,642), we sought to begin this conversation. Our findings suggest that eating breakfast and meals with parents more regularly may be related to more positive body image. This cross-sectional glance suggests that policies and programs that encourage youth and families to regularly eat breakfast and family meals may also encourage better body image among youth.

Body appreciation, anxiety, and depression among a racially diverse sample of women.

This study aims to explore correlates between body appreciation and mental health among a racially and ethnically diverse sample of adult women using validated measures. The sample included racially and ethnically diverse women (N = 497) from various socioeconomic levels. Linear regression results indicated that body appreciation was significantly and inversely associated with depression (b = -3.68; p < 0.001). In this sample, as body appreciation increased, depression scores decreased. Similarly, body appreciation was significantly and inversely associated with anxiety among this sample (b = -1.78; p < 0.001). This article concludes with a discussion of findings and implications.

Exploring Body Image, Contraceptive Use, and Sexual Health Outcomes Among an Ethnically Diverse Sample of Women.

This cross-sectional study examined the links between body appreciation, contraceptive use, and sexual health outcomes. Body appreciation has been shown to influence contraceptive use in homogenous samples of women. However, a common problem in body image literature is a lack of racial and ethnic diversity with regard to sample; this study was able to take steps toward overcoming that limitation. A sample of 499 women aged 18-56 (M = 26.24; SD = 6.15) was recruited via Reddit.com-White (29.3%, n = 120), Asian (19%, n = 78), Black (17.3%, n = 73), multiracial (13.9%, n = 57), and Latina (13.9%, n = 57). Covariates included race/ethnicity, body size as measured by body mass index, relationship status, age, sexual orientation, and education level. Results indicated that higher levels of body appreciation were related to a higher likelihood of using non-barrier contraception. Regarding the covariates, race, relationship status, age, and education were related to non-barrier contraceptive use and age was related to dual contraceptive use. Further exploration is needed to determine how body appreciation may affect contraceptive use and sexual health outcomes and how these differ by race/ethnicity.

Associations Between Body Appreciation and Comfort Communicating About Sex: A Brief Report.

Communicating about sex with potential or current sex partners can lead to many positive outcomes, including fewer unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. Although body image is related to many sexual health behaviors, the association between positive body image and comfort communicating about sex is underexplored. The purpose of the current study is to better understand this relationship among a sample of 399 18- to 25-year-old college women. Results suggest that positive body image, measured by body appreciation, is related to greater comfort communicating about sex with a current sex partner, even after accounting for body mass index (BMI).

Exploring body appreciation and women's health-related quality of life: The moderating role of age.

This study explored relationships between body appreciation, health-related quality of life, and age, in an age-diverse sample of 289 women in the United States. Linear regression indicated the relationship between body appreciation and the physical component of health-related quality of life varied by age. For women aged 36 years and older, there was a positive relationship between body appreciation and health-related quality of life; however, a negative relationship was present for other age groups. Findings have clinical implications and suggest body appreciation may buffer the decline in physical health-related quality of life that occurs as age increases.

Body Image Assessment Among Community Mental Health Providers.

Although research suggests an association between body image and mental health, with poor body image related to several mental illnesses, there is no research exploring mental health clinicians' body image screening practices. This study aims to fill this gap among a sample of community mental health providers (N = 216). Using a cross-sectional design, clinicians in Community Health Centers were recruited through email using purposeful and snowball sampling in a Midwest state. The majority of participants identified as women (88.4%) and White (88.4%). Additionally, the mean age of the sample was 36.66 years and participants reported working an average of 8.44 years as a mental health provider. We ran descriptive and Chi square analyses. Results suggest a relationship between viewing body image screening as important and level of preparedness as well as level of preparedness and actual assessment. Training and assessment tools may be warranted to increase clinician's preparedness. Additional clinical and policy recommendations are discussed.

Exploring Relationships between Body Appreciation and Self-Reported Physical Health among Young Women.

Body image, a multidimensional construct, affects women in myriad ways. Existing scholarship has established a relationship between body image and negative mental and sexual health outcomes and suggests that it may also be related to physical health outcomes. The purpose of the study reported in this article was to explore relationships between body appreciation, a multidimensional measure of body image, and self-perceived physical health among a sample of emerging adult women (N = 399). In this sample, body appreciation was positively and significantly related to self-perceived physical health. This study contributes to a growing body of literature on the consequences of body image among women and can be used to inform interventions aimed at improving the well-being of women.

Exploring U.S. Social Work Students' Sexual Attitudes and Abortion Viewpoints.

Social workers frequently engage with sexual and reproductive health topics, yet a notable paucity of social work research exists regarding abortion. Informed by overlapping theoretical frameworks of human rights and reproductive justice, this study examined a large, nationwide survey of social work students in the United States (N = 504). Linear regressions indicated that students' endorsements of permissive sexual attitudes and support for birth control are inversely associated with holding anti-choice abortion views. Moreover, distinct relationships were found among sociodemographic characteristics and abortion attitudes and knowledge, suggesting that social work education efforts regarding contentious reproductive and sexual health topics should also focus on nuances of cultural competence and diversity, as well as general human rights principles and professional ethics.

Toward a Relational Understanding of Objectification, Body Image, and Preventive Sexual Health.

There is a wealth of empirical support for objectification theory. Researchers have suggested an extension to the theory that includes risky sexual behaviors as a consequence of body shame. However, there are no known studies that place the association between body image and sexual behavior in the context of the interpersonal sexual relationship. The current study was grounded in objectification theory and relational cultural theory and sought to better understand how negative self-objectification, body appreciation, relationship quality, and preventive sexual health behaviors are related. An online survey was conducted with 399 emerging adult women in the Midwest, and the proposed model was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results suggest that, among this sample, negative self-objectification was indirectly related to preventive sexual health behaviors through body appreciation alone and through both body appreciation and relationship quality. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.

Correlates of Social Work Students' Abortion Knowledge and Attitudes: Implications for Education and Research.

Researchers have established that individuals' abortion knowledge is positively associated with their support of abortion rights. However, social workers' personal beliefs regarding abortion are under-researched, even though social workers are often employed in health promotion and education roles in which the topic of abortion is encountered. The current study examines the results of a nationwide survey of social work students (N = 504) and explores the relationship between social work students' abortion knowledge and abortion attitudes. Less abortion knowledge was significantly associated with antichoice attitude endorsement. Implications for social work research, training, and education are subsequently discussed.