Complementary and Alternative Medicine/Therapy for Tobacco Cessation in India: A Secondary Analysis of GATS-1 and 2.

Background: India has nearly 267 million adult tobacco users, with a slowly improving quitting rate. Among the many approaches to quitting the habit, such as counseling, nicotine replacement therapy, nicotine patch or gum, and prescribed allopathic medicines. Complementary and alternative medicine/therapy (CAM), a thousand-year-old practice in India, may also prove to be a potential method in tobacco cessation; however, there is scarce literature on the extent of use of CAM among tobacco users who attempt to quit the habit. Therefore, this study attempts to examine the potential of CAM as a strategy for tobacco control in India. Material and Methods: We undertook a secondary analysis of the data from both rounds of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS 2009 and 2016). The dependent variable included in the analysis was the use of traditional medicine as a method for quitting tobacco in three types of users-smokers, smokeless tobacco users, and dual users. The prevalence of CAM use was reported, and Chi-square test was applied to find the factors significantly associated with the use of CAM among tobacco users considering a P value of 0.05 to be statistically significant. Results: The overall prevalence of traditional medicine use for GATS-1 was observed to be more among dual users (4%), while for GATS-2, it was highest among smokers (3%). For both rounds of the GATS survey, the use of traditional medicine was found to be higher among males, rural residents, users with no education or less than primary education, and the eastern region. Conclusions: CAM has a promising potential for supporting tobacco cessation provided a concerted effort is undertaken to standardize pharmacopeia and establish robust clinical evidence. In addition, there is a need to create awareness, build the capacity of healthcare providers, and foster academic-industrial research in indigenous Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (AYUSH) systems.

Characterization and synergy studies of Caudoviricete Escherichia phage FS2B infecting multi-drug resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates / Estudios de caracterización y sinergia del fago FS2B de Caudoviricete Escherichia que infecta aislados de Escherichia coli uropatógena multirresistente

Escherichia coli is one of the most common causes of urinary tract infections. However, a recent upsurge in antibiotic resistance among uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains has provided an impetus to explore alternative antibacterial compounds to encounter this major issue. In this study, a lytic phage against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) UPEC strains was isolated and characterized. The isolated Escherichia phage FS2B of class Caudoviricetes exhibited high lytic activity, high burst size, and a small adsorption and latent time. The phage also exhibited a broad host range and inactivated 69.8% of the collected clinical, and 64.8% of the identified MDR UPEC strains. Further, whole genome sequencing revealed that the phage was 77,407 bp long, having a dsDNA with 124 coding regions. Annotation studies confirmed that the phage carried all the genes associated with lytic life cycle and all lysogeny related genes were absent in the genome. Further, synergism studies of the phage FS2B with antibiotics demonstrated a positive synergistic association among them. The present study therefore concluded that the phage FS2B possesses an immense potential to serve as a novel candidate for treatment of MDR UPEC strains.(AU)

3D Traction Force Microscopy in Biological Gels: From Single Cells to Multicellular Spheroids.

Cell traction force plays a critical role in directing cellular functions, such as proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Current understanding of cell traction force is largely derived from 2D measurements where cells are plated on 2D substrates. However, 2D measurements do not recapitulate a vital aspect of living systems; that is, cells actively remodel their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), and the remodeled ECM, in return, can have a profound impact on cell phenotype and traction force generation. This reciprocal adaptivity of living systems is encoded in the material properties of biological gels. In this review, we summarize recent progress in measuring cell traction force for cells embedded within 3D biological gels, with an emphasis on cell-ECM cross talk. We also provide perspectives on tools and techniques that could be adapted to measure cell traction force in complex biochemical and biophysical environments.

Characterization and synergy studies of Caudoviricete Escherichia phage FS2B infecting multi-drug resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates.

Escherichia coli is one of the most common causes of urinary tract infections. However, a recent upsurge in antibiotic resistance among uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains has provided an impetus to explore alternative antibacterial compounds to encounter this major issue. In this study, a lytic phage against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) UPEC strains was isolated and characterized. The isolated Escherichia phage FS2B of class Caudoviricetes exhibited high lytic activity, high burst size, and a small adsorption and latent time. The phage also exhibited a broad host range and inactivated 69.8% of the collected clinical, and 64.8% of the identified MDR UPEC strains. Further, whole genome sequencing revealed that the phage was 77,407 bp long, having a dsDNA with 124 coding regions. Annotation studies confirmed that the phage carried all the genes associated with lytic life cycle and all lysogeny related genes were absent in the genome. Further, synergism studies of the phage FS2B with antibiotics demonstrated a positive synergistic association among them. The present study therefore concluded that the phage FS2B possesses an immense potential to serve as a novel candidate for treatment of MDR UPEC strains.

An impedimetric immunosensor based on chitosan-Au nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide nanosheet composite modified PG electrode for detection of brain natriuretic peptide.

An ultrasensitive impedimetric immunosensor was developed to detect brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) for early diagnosis of heart failure. To construct this immunosensor, anti-BNP antibodies were immobilized covalently onto nanocomposite of chitosan-Au nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (CHIT-Au@rGONs) electrodeposited onto pencil graphite electrode. This approach impedes charge transfer resistance (Rct) value proportionally to the BNP captured by antigen-antibody interactions. The observed Rct values by this immunosensor, were correlated with linear concentrations of BNP in the range, 1 × 10-2 to 1 × 103 pg/mL, with a limit of detection of 12 pg/mL and limit of quantification of 36.3 pg/mL. The immunosensor detected BNP in spiked human sera. The analytic recovery of added BNP in human sera was 97.04%. The present method was fairly consistent with commercial approach. The working electrode was stored for 2 months in cold. BSA-IgG had no interference in the electrode activity showing its high specificity for BNP. This novel approach provided a new POC-diagnostics, as direct sample measurements are easier and more efficient by this immunosensor compared to existing immunosensors. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03704-x.

Complete genome annotation data of Mycobacteriophages Prann and LeoAvram: New members of the family Siphoviridae.

Two novel mycobacteriophages (Prann and LeoAvram) belonging to the family Siphoviridae were isolated from soil samples of Northern India. Genomic DNA of both the phages was extracted, and further sequenced using Illumina technology. Complete genome annotation of both the isolates was performed using DNA Master. Prann and LeoAvram had linear genomes of 68398bp and 47079bp, respectively, with G+C contents of 60-70%. A total of 99 and 75 ORFs were predicted in Prann and LeoAvram, respectively. Based on sequence similarity to known phage proteins, functions were assigned to 44 and 53 genes, respectively. These proteins could be classified into five major groups, viz., phage structural proteins, proteins for recombination, lytic enzymes, proteins involved in DNA / RNA metabolism, and in regulation. Mycobacterium smegmatis was used in this work as a safe surrogate for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent for tuberculosis, a major infectious disease worldwide with developing antibiotic resistance. This is the first report of M. smegmatis phages from Northern India.

Mitochondrial oxidative damage by co-exposure to bisphenol A and acetaminophen in rat testes and its amelioration by melatonin.

OBJECTIVE: Human exposure to multiple xenobiotics, over various developmental windows, results in adverse health effects arising from these concomitant exposures. Humans are widely exposed to bisphenol A, and acetaminophen is the most commonly used over-the-counter drug worldwide. Bisphenol A is a well-recognized male reproductive toxicant, and increasing evidence suggests that acetaminophen is also detrimental to the male reproductive system. The recent recognition of male reproductive system dysfunction in conditions of suboptimal reproductive outcomes makes it crucial to investigate the contributions of toxicant exposures to infertility and sub-fertility. We aimed to identify toxicity in the male reproductive system at the mitochondrial level in response to co-exposure to bisphenol A and acetaminophen, and we investigated whether melatonin ameliorated this toxicity. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n=10 each): a control group and groups that received melatonin, bisphenol A, acetaminophen, bisphenol A and acetaminophen, and bisphenol A and acetaminophen with melatonin treatment. RESULTS: Significantly higher lipid peroxidation was observed in the testicular mitochondria and sperm in the treatment groups than in the control group. Levels of glutathione and the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and manganese superoxide dismutase decreased significantly in response to the toxicant treatments. Likewise, the toxicant treatments significantly decreased the sperm count and motility, while significantly increasing sperm mortality. Melatonin mitigated the adverse effects of bisphenol A and acetaminophen. CONCLUSION: Co-exposure to bisphenol A and acetaminophen elevated oxidative stress in the testicular mitochondria, and this effect was alleviated by melatonin.

Emulating clinical pressure waveforms in cell culture using an Arduino-controlled millifluidic 3D-printed platform for 96-well plates.

High blood pressure is the primary risk factor for heart disease, the leading cause of death globally. Despite this, current methods to replicate physiological pressures in vitro remain limited in sophistication and throughput. Single-chamber exposure systems allow for only one pressure condition to be studied at a time and the application of dynamic pressure waveforms is currently limited to simple sine, triangular, or square waves. Here, we introduce a high-throughput hydrostatic pressure exposure system for 96-well plates. The platform can deliver a fully-customizable pressure waveform to each column of the plate, for a total of 12 simultaneous conditions. Using clinical waveform data, we are able to replicate real patients' blood pressures as well as other medically-relevant pressures within the body and have assembled a small patient-derived waveform library of some key physiological locations. As a proof of concept, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) survived and proliferated for 3 days under a wide range of static and dynamic physiologic pressures ranging from 10 mm Hg to 400 mm Hg. Interestingly, pathologic and supraphysiologic pressure exposures did not inhibit cell proliferation. By integrating with, rather than replacing, ubiquitous lab cultureware it is our hope that this device will facilitate the incorporation of hydrostatic pressure into standard cell culture practice.

Prevalence of Etiological Factors in Adult Patients With Epilepsy in a Tertiary Care Hospital in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Epilepsy is a chronic neurologic condition with different risk factors and genetic predispositions. It is characterized by the occurrence of an epileptic seizure. To our knowledge, most studies have focused on revealing epilepsy prevalence in Saudi Arabia, but the etiological prevalence is still not well-studied in the region. Thus, this research aims to raise awareness and provide more insights into the etiological prevalence of this disorder. Methodology A cross-sectional study was performed among 431 adult patients diagnosed with epilepsy in the Neurology Department at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Patients' data were retrospectively collected from electronic medical files covering the period between May 2016 and April 2021. Epilepsy etiologies were classified as suggested by the International League Against Epilepsy 2017. Results The most commonly identified seizures were generalized (25.3%) and focal (8.9%). However, 66.1% of seizure types were unidentifiable. The most common etiology was structural (42.9%), followed by genetic (7.2%), with strokes (24.3%) and tumors (23.8%) being the most prevalent structural etiologies. However, 47.6% of the patients were classified under unknown etiology. Conclusions This study suggested that epilepsy diagnosed as generalized was by far the most common seizure type in our cohort. Structural etiology was evident in most patients, with stroke being the highest presented etiology.

Mitochondrial oxidative damage by co-exposure to bisphenol A and acetaminophen in rat testes and its amelioration by melatonin / 대한생식의학회지

Objective@#Human exposure to multiple xenobiotics, over various developmental windows, results in adverse health effects arising from these concomitant exposures. Humans are widely exposed to bisphenol A, and acetaminophen is the most commonly used over-the-counter drug worldwide. Bisphenol A is a well-recognized male reproductive toxicant, and increasing evidence suggests that acetaminophen is also detrimental to the male reproductive system. The recent recognition of male reproductive system dysfunction in conditions of suboptimal reproductive outcomes makes it crucial to investigate the contributions of toxicant exposures to infertility and sub-fertility. We aimed to identify toxicity in the male reproductive system at the mitochondrial level in response to co-exposure to bisphenol A and acetaminophen, and we investigated whether melatonin ameliorated this toxicity. @*Methods@#Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n=10 each): a control group and groups that received melatonin, bisphenol A, acetaminophen, bisphenol A and acetaminophen, and bisphenol A and acetaminophen with melatonin treatment. @*Results@#Significantly higher lipid peroxidation was observed in the testicular mitochondria and sperm in the treatment groups than in the control group. Levels of glutathione and the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and manganese superoxide dismutase decreased significantly in response to the toxicant treatments. Likewise, the toxicant treatments significantly decreased the sperm count and motility, while significantly increasing sperm mortality. Melatonin mitigated the adverse effects of bisphenol A and acetaminophen. @*Conclusion@#Co-exposure to bisphenol A and acetaminophen elevated oxidative stress in the testicular mitochondria, and this effect was alleviated by melatonin.

Perception of Threat and Efficacy in Contracting COVID-19 Infection among Tobacco Users - A Cross-sectional Analytical Study from Four Indian States.

BACKGROUND: To trigger quit intention and practice of preventive measures for COVID-19 among tobacco users; it is imperative for them to be well aware of the fact that they are at higher risk of COVID-19 infection and should be at higher efficacy to practice preventive measures for the disease as compared to nonusers of tobacco. OBJECTIVES: This community-based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from April 2020 to May 2020 among 1203 adult participants to compare the threat and efficacy perception among users and nonusers of tobacco. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Perception of threat was assessed using three questions on perceived threat and one question on perceived susceptibility; whereas perception of efficacy was assessed using four questions each on self-efficacy and response efficacy through telephonic interview. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the overall threat perception among users and nonusers of tobacco. However, state-wise analysis showed that tobacco users had higher perception of threat for SARS-CoV-2 infection in all the states except Telangana. The overall perception of efficacy among tobacco users was significantly higher as compared to nonusers of tobacco. CONCLUSION: The study calls for active collaboration between tobacco control enthusiasts and the Government to promote awareness of a higher risk of COVID-19 disease among tobacco users. In essence, the study's implications extend beyond COVID-19 and can guide targeted efforts to promote awareness, behavior change, and collaboration in the context of other infectious diseases among tobacco users.

Development of a multi-component tobacco cessation training package utilizing multiple approaches of intervention development for health care providers and patients attending non-communicable disease clinics of Punjab, India.

Background: Providing patients with personalized tobacco cessation counseling that is culturally sensitive, and disease-specific from healthcare providers (HCPs) as part of their routine consultations is an approach that could be incorporated, using existing healthcare systems such as the Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) clinics. This paper describes the development of a multi-component culturally tailored, patient-centric, disease-specific tobacco cessation package utilizing multiple approaches of intervention development for healthcare providers and patients attending these clinics in Punjab, India, along with a proposed framework for implementation. Methods: The proposed intervention package was developed in 6 stages. These included a review of literature for identifying successful cessation interventions for ethnic minority groups, co-production of the package with all stakeholders involved via a series of consultative meetings and workshops, understanding contextual factors of the state and 'factor-in' these in the package, pre-test of the package among HCPs and tobacco users using in-depth interviews, micro detailing and expansion of the package by drawing on existing theories of the Cascade Model and Trans-Theoretical Model and developing an evolving analysis plan through real-world implementation at two pilot districts by undertaking a randomized controlled trial, assessing implementer's experiences using a mixed-method with a primary focus on qualitative and economic evaluation of intervention package. Results: A multi-component package consisting of a booklet (for HCPs), disease-specific pamphlets and short text messages (for patients; bilingual), and an implementation framework was developed using the 6-step process. A major finding from the in-depth interviews was the need for a specific capacity-building training program on tobacco cessation. Therefore, using this as an opportunity, we trained the in-service human resource and associated program managers at the state and district-level training workshops. Based on the feedback, training objectives were set and supported with copies of intervention package components. In addition, the role and function of each stakeholder were defined in the proposed framework. Conclusion: Consideration of tobacco users' socio-cultural and patient-centric approach makes a robust strategy while developing and implementing an intervention providing an enlarged scope to improve care services for diversified socio-cultural communities.

Banning Loose Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products in India: A Policy Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Sale of single cigarettes (also known as singles or loosies) is a key driver for early initiation of smoking and is a leading contributor to the smoking epidemic in India. Sale of singles additionally deter implementation of tobacco control strategies of pictorial health warnings including plain packaging and defeat effective taxation and promote illicit trade. We review India's tobacco control policy responses towards banning singles and other products sold as loose tobacco and identify opportunities for future policy intervention especially in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Existing national and sub-national policy documents were analyzed for their content since the inception of the tobacco control laws in the country. RESULTS: There are no effective provisions at national level to ban loose tobacco products in India. However, the implementation of multiple legislative and regulatory measures (Acts/circulars/letters/notifications/orders/court judgements) in 16 Indian states and jurisdictions provide sufficient legal framework to substantiate its complete ban pan India. While the majority of state governments have adopted state level measures, Rajasthan had issued specific directive to all the 33 districts banning loose cigarettes and other tobacco products. Himachal Pradesh introduced the most unique and comprehensive legislation, for banning the sale of cigarettes and beedis (Dated November 7, 2016). The most recent notification in the state of Maharashtra (September 24, 2020) is the first to leverage powers using a mix of national and state legislations including the legislation addressing the rapidly emerging challenge of managing COVID-19. CONCLUSION: A robust national policy which supports strong provision to deter tobacco companies, their distribution network and vendors from selling singles or loose tobacco products is urgently needed. Such policy should be backed by cautionary messaging for consumers as well. Eliminating singles and loose tobacco sale will help in blunting tobacco use prevalence besides curbing spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19 pandemic.

Antibiotic resistance in agriculture: Perspectives on upcoming strategies to overcome upsurge in resistance.

Antibiotic resistance is a massive problem rising constantly and spreading rapidly since the past decade. The major underlying mechanism responsible for this problem is an overuse or severe misuse of antibiotics. Regardless of this emerging global threat, antibiotics are still being widely used, not only for treatment of human infections, but also to a great extent in agriculture, livestock and animal husbandry. If the current scenario persists, we might enter into a post-antibiotic era where drugs might not be able to treat even the simplest of infections. This review discusses the current status of antibiotic utilization and molecular basis of antibiotic resistance mechanisms acquired by bacteria, along with the modes of transmittance of the resultant resistant genes into human pathogens through their cycling among different ecosystems. The main focus of the article is to provide an insight into the different molecular and other strategies currently being studied worldwide for their use as an alternate to antibiotics with an overall aim to overcome or minimize the global problem of antibiotic resistance.

The Age-Related Changes in Speed of Visual Perception, Visual Verbal and Visuomotor Performance, and Nonverbal Intelligence During Early School Years.

Speed of sensory information processing has long been recognized as an important characteristic of global intelligence, though few studies have concurrently investigated the contribution of different types of information processing to nonverbal IQ in children, nor looked at whether chronological age vs. months of early schooling plays a larger role. Thus, this study investigated the speed of visual information processing in three tasks including a simple visual inspection time (IT) task, a visual-verbal processing task using Rapid Automatic Naming (RAN) of objects as an accepted preschool predictor of reading, and a visuomotor processing task using a game-like iPad application, (the "SLURP" task) that requires writing like skills, in association with nonverbal IQ (Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices) in children (n = 100) aged 5-7 years old. Our results indicate that the rate and accuracy of information processing for all three tasks develop with age, but that only RAN and SLURP rates show significant improvement with years of schooling. RAN and SLURP also correlated significantly with nonverbal IQ scores, but not with IT. Regression analyses demonstrate that months of formal schooling provide additional contributions to the speed of dual-task visual-verbal (RAN) and visuomotor performance and Raven's scores supporting the domain-specific hypothesis of processing speed development for specific skills as they contribute to global measures such as nonverbal IQ. Finally, RAN and SLURP are likely to be useful measures for the early identification of young children with lower intelligence and potentially poor reading.

Whole genome sequencing data of Klebsiella aerogenes isolated from agricultural soil of Haryana, India.

Klebsiella aerogenes, is a Gram-negative bacterium, which was previously known as Enterobacter aerogenes. It is present in all environments such as water, soil, air and hospitals; and is an opportunistic pathogen that causes several types of infections. As compared to other clinically important pathogens included in the ESKAPE category (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species), the pangenome and population structure of Klebsiella aerogenes is still poorly understood. For the present study, the bacterial sample was isolated from agricultural soils of Haryana, India. With an aim to identify the occurrence of multi-drug resistance genes in the agricultural field soil bacterial isolate, whole genome sequencing (WGS) of the bacteria was performed; and the antibiotic resistance causing genes, along with the genes responsible for other major functions of the cell; and the different Single Nuceotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and Insertions and deletions (InDels) were identified. The data presented in this manuscript can be reused by researchers as a reference for determining the antibiotic resistance genes that could be present in different bacterial isolates, and it would also help in determination of functions of various other genes present in other genomes of Klebsiella species.

Bacteriophage cocktail and phage antibiotic synergism as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics for the control of multi-drug-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli.

Infections related to antibiotic resistant bacteria are accelerating on a global scale, and hence to encounter this problem in case of urinary tract infections; bacteriophages were isolated for biocontrol of multi-drug resistant (MDR) uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPECs) isolates. Four lytic phages were purified, characterized, and evaluated for their effectiveness in the form of cocktail and in synergy with antibiotics. Morphological features and other life cycle specifications of phages revealed that two phages Escherichia phage FS11 and Escherichia phage FS17 belonged to Myoviridae and the other two phages Escherichia phage PS8 and Escherichia phage PS6 belonged to Siphoviridae family of order Caudovirales. One step growth curve analysis demonstrated that phage FS11 and phage FS17 had latent time of 24 min and 26 min, and a burst size of ~121 and 98 phage particles/ cell respectively; while for phage PS8 and phage PS6, the latent time was 42 min and 35 min, and the burst size was 87 and 78 particles/ cell, respectively; depicting the lytic nature of phages. The use of all four phages together in the form of a cocktail resulted into a considerable enhancement in the lytic ability; the phage cocktail lysed 86.7% of the clinical isolates, compared to lysis in the range of 50%-66% by individual phages. Studies on in vitro evaluation of phage-antibiotic combinations revealed synergism between antibiotics and the phage cocktail (phage PS6 and phage FS17), wherein the phage cocktail was observed to efficiently inhibit the strains in the presence of sub-lethal doses of antibiotics. The study thus concludes that the use of multiple phages and phage-antibiotic combinations could prove beneficial in the era of rapidly increasing drug-resistant strains.

Optimization of MCM-41 Mesoporous Material Mixed Matrix Polyethersulfone Membrane for Dye Removal.

The aim of this work is the optimization of the operating conditions under which MCM-41-mesoporous material can be incorporated into polyethersulfone (PES)/MCM-41 membranes for nanofiltration (NF) applications. MCM-41 mesoporous material mixed matrix PES membranes have the potential to reduce membrane fouling by organic dye molecules. Process optimization and modeling aim to reduce wasted energy while maintaining high flow during the operation to handle the energy efficiency problems membranes often have. An optimization technique was applied to obtain optimum values for some key parameters in the process to produce a certain amount of flux above the desired values. Response surface methodology (RSM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used as mathematical and statistical analyses to improve the performance of the process on a larger scale. This work investigated the influence of the operating parameters, such as the feed pH values (3-11), MCM-41 content (0-1 wt.%), and the feed dye concentration (10-100 ppm) for each of the two studied dyes, acid black 210 (AB-210) and rose bengal (RB), and their interactions on the PES membrane permeability. The results showed that the PES membrane had the best performance at 64.25 (L·m-2·h-1·bar-1) and 63.16 (L·m-2·h-1·bar-1) for the AB-210 and RB dyes, respectively. An MCM-41 content of nearly 0.8 wt.% in the casting solution, feed dye concentration of 10 ppm for the studied dyes, and feed pH of 3 for the RB dye was found to be the optimal parameters for eliciting the response. The pH had no significant influence on the response for the AB-210 dye, while the pH shows some minor effects on response with the RB dye, and the Pareto chart of the standardized effects on the permeation flux of both dyes using statistically significant at the 5% significance level support these results.