[Ultra-short turbo-spin echo in comparison with turbo-spin echo. Possible applications in the musculoskeletal system]. / Ultrashort-Turbospinecho im Vergleich zu Turbospinecho. Einsatzmöglichkeiten im Muskel-Skelett-System.

Ultrashort turbo spin-echo sequence (TSE) has the advantage of shorter scan times, minimizing motion artifacts, but has the disadvantage of a lower signal-to-noise ratio and suffers from different artifacts. T2-weighted ultrashort TSE (echo train 24) and TSE (echo train 11) were compared in degenerative lesions of the spine (n = 9) and ligamentous lesions associated with sprained ankle injuries (n = 5). The imaging quality of ultrashort TSE was very similar to TSE. There was no difference in diagnostic reliability with ultrashort TSE compared to TSE in the spine or ankle. With regard to contrast properties a higher signal intensity of fatty bone marrow was obtained with ultrashort TSE, with consecutive lower contrast between fluid and edema on the one hand and fatty tissue on the other.

Infection, apoptosis, and killing of mature human eosinophils by human immunodeficiency virus-1.

Although human eosinophils express low concentrations of CD4, the capacity of mature, non-replicating eosinophils to be infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) has not been established. Using peripheral blood eosinophils isolated free of contaminating lymphocytes and mononuclear leukocytes, we evaluated eosinophil infection with HIV-1. Eosinophils could be infected with strains of HIV-1 as evidenced by HIV-induced cytolytic effects, progressive release of p24 antigen in cultures of infected eosinophils, recovery of HIV from infected eosinophils by co-cultivation, and detection of HIV-1 gag viral DNA from infected eosinophils by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Greater p24 antigen release from infected eosinophils was elicited by the phorbol ester, PMA; and eosinophil killing by HIV-1 was enhanced by the cytokine GM-CSF. By light and electron microscopy, HIV-infected eosinophils demonstrated apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptotic subdiploid nuclear staining was detected by flow cytometric analyses of propidium iodide-stained nuclei from HIV-infected eosinophils, and DNA isolated from HIV-infected eosinophils showed both nucleosomal fragmentation and diffuse degradation. Thus, mature eosinophils, non-replicating terminally differentiated leukocytes, can be infected with HIV-1. HIV-1 expression in eosinophils is promoted by increased granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and can cause eosinophils to undergo death due to apoptosis and necrosis.

Accessory cell function of human eosinophils. HLA-DR-dependent, MHC-restricted antigen-presentation and IL-1 alpha expression.

Although peripheral blood eosinophils express little of the class II MHC protein, HLA-DR, eosinophils could be induced to express HLA-DR by exposures to cytokines, including granulocyte-macrophage-CSF, IL-4, and IFN-gamma, with granulocyte-macrophage-CSF eliciting the greatest level of HLA-DR expression as assessed by flow cytometry. The capacity of HLA-DR+ eosinophils to function as APC was evaluated with blood eosinophils isolated free of mononuclear cells, cultured with granulocyte-macrophage-CSF to induce HLA-DR expression and then exposed to the Ag tetanus toxoid. HLA-DR+ eosinophils fixed with paraformaldehyde after Ag exposure stimulated T cell proliferation, whereas HLA-DR+ eosinophils fixed with paraformaldehyde before Ag exposure failed to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation. The lymphocyte proliferative responses elicited by Ag-pulsed HLA-DR+ eosinophils were inhibited by anti-HLA-DR mAb and were restricted to HLA-DR compatible lymphocytes. Moreover, eosinophils from a hypereosinophilic donor, both before and more prominently after stimulation with PMA, contained transcripts for IL-1-alpha mRNA detectable by Northern blot hybridization and in situ hybridization and expressed IL-1-alpha protein detectable by immunohistochemistry. These findings indicate that human eosinophils can process Ag, express the costimulatory cytokine IL-1-alpha, and after cytokine-elicited induction of HLA-DR expression can function as HLA-DR-dependent, MHC-restricted APC in stimulating T lymphocyte responses.

Eosinophils from patients with blood eosinophilia express transforming growth factor beta 1.

The infiltration of eosinophils into tissues during pathologic responses is often associated with extracellular matrix alterations such as fibrosis. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) is a well-characterized multifunctional cytokine known to exert potent effects on the extracellular matrix. In this report, we showed the production of TGF-beta 1 by human eosinophils from patients with blood eosinophilia. Northern blot analysis using RNA isolated from eosinophils purified from a patient with the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) detected the 2.5-kb TGF-beta 1 transcript. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry of leukocytes from two patients with HES and two patients with blood eosinophilia localized TGF-beta 1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein to eosinophils. No other cell type contained TGF-beta 1 mRNA by in situ hybridization, whereas other leukocytes contained detectable TGF-beta 1 protein by immunohistochemistry. Eosinophils from four normal donors contained little or no detectable TGF-beta 1 protein by immunohistochemistry, whereas eosinophils from two of these four normal donors labeled weakly for TGF-beta 1 mRNA by in situ hybridization. These results show that eosinophils in the peripheral blood of patients with blood eosinophilia can express TGF-beta 1, but that eosinophils in the blood of normal donors contained little or no TGF-beta 1.

Human eosinophils express functional interleukin 2 receptors.

Because T cell-derived cytokines may affect the functioning of eosinophils, we have investigated the capacity of human eosinophils to respond to IL-2. IL-2 was a potent chemoattractant with ED50 of 10(-12) M with eosinophils from all normal and eosinophilic donors tested. The monoclonal antibodies anti-Tac and TU27 against p55 (Tac/CD25) and p75 receptor subunits, respectively, each inhibited IL-2-dependent eosinophil migration. The molar potency of IL-2 and the inhibitory activity of each of the above antibodies suggest that high affinity heterodimeric IL-2 receptor complexes mediated the migration responses of eosinophils to IL-2. Binding of monoclonal antibody against p75 was not detectable by flow cytometry, and high affinity binding sites for 125I-IL-2 were below the limits of quantitation on eosinophils from individuals with eosinophilia. Expression of p55 (Tac/CD25) by eosinophils, without requirement for in vitro activation, was demonstrable by flow cytometry, radioimmunoprecipitation, and Northern blotting for mRNA. Surface expression of p55 on eosinophils from normal or eosinophilic individuals increased during culture for 24-48 h with a biologic activity purified from stimulated U937 cells and to a lesser extent with granulocyte-macrophage CSF or lymphocyte chemoattractant factor but not with nine other cytokines. These studies indicate that blood eosinophils respond to IL-2 and identify one mechanism whereby activation of T lymphocytes may influence the function of eosinophils.

Human eosinophil adherence to vascular endothelium mediated by binding to vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1.

Adherence of human eosinophils to cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells, which was only partially due to CD18-dependent pathways, was also mediated by binding to endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). Eosinophils bound specifically to both recombinant soluble ELAM-1 and recombinant soluble VCAM-1. Eosinophil binding to recombinant soluble VCAM-1 and to transfected CHO cells expressing VCAM-1 was inhibited with anti-VCAM-1 (4B9) and anti-very late activation antigen 4 (anti-VLA-4; HP1/2 or HP2/1) monoclonal antibodies. Eosinophils, but not neutrophils, expressed VLA-4 detected by cytofluorography. Eosinophil adherence to tumor necrosis factor alpha-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells was partially blocked by monoclonal antibodies against ELAM-1 (BB11) and VCAM-1 (4B9) and against VLA-4 (HP2/1). Thus, while both eosinophils and neutrophils can bind to activated endothelial cells by adherence to ICAM-1 and ELAM-1, only eosinophils expressed VLA-4 and adhered to VCAM-1 on activated endothelial cells. Eosinophil adherence to VCAM-1 might provide a mechanism contributing to the selective recruitment of eosinophils into tissue sites of inflammation.

CD4-mediated stimulation of human eosinophils: lymphocyte chemoattractant factor and other CD4-binding ligands elicit eosinophil migration.

Lymphocyte chemoattractant factor (LCF) is a tetrameric glycoprotein of 56,000 relative molecular mass produced by activated T lymphocytes. LCF binds to CD4 and has previously been found to stimulate migration of CD4+ lymphocytes and monocytes. Because human eosinophils, like T cells and monocytes, express CD4, we examined functional responses of eosinophils to LCF. Recombinant LCF (rLCF) expressed in COS cells was purified on a CD4 affinity column. Migration of eosinophils was elicited by rLCF at low concentrations: the 50% effective dose (ED50) was 10(-12) to 10(-11) M, concentrations 100- to 1,000-fold lower than the ED50s for the recognized eosinophil chemoattractants C5a and platelet-activating factor. Two other ligands which bound to CD4, human immunodeficiency virus-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 and monoclonal antibody OKT4, also stimulated eosinophil migration. Monovalent OKT4 Fab competitively inhibited eosinophil responses to rLCF. rLCF did not influence other functional responses of eosinophils tested, including degranulation, superoxide generation, leukotriene C4 production, in vitro survival, or surface expression of the adherence receptor CR3 (CD11b), human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen DR, or interleukin 2 receptor p55 (CD25). We conclude that CD4 on eosinophils is capable of transducing a migratory stimulus and serves as a receptor for a chemoattractant lymphokine LCF. T cell-derived LCF may contribute to recruitment of eosinophils and CD4+ mononuclear cells concomitantly at inflammatory reactions.

Human eosinophils express transforming growth factor alpha.

Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) is a pleuripotential cytokine with diverse biological effects, including the ability to influence the proliferation of normal cells or neoplastic epithelial cells. Eosinophils are a subset of granulocytes that normally enter the peripheral tissues, particularly those beneath gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital epithelium, where they reside in close proximity to the epithelial elements. In this study, we demonstrate that the great majority of eosinophils infiltrating the interstitial tissues adjacent to two colonic adenocarcinomas and two oral squamous cell carcinomas labeled specifically by in situ hybridization with a 35S-riboprobe for human TGF-alpha (hTGF-alpha). No other identifiable leukocytes in these lesions contained detectable hTGF-alpha mRNA. We also examined leukocytes purified from a patient with the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. 80% of these eosinophils, but none of the patient's neutrophils or mononuclear cells, were positive for hTGF-alpha mRNA by in situ hybridization, and 55% of these eosinophils were positive by immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody directed against the COOH terminus of the mature hTGF-alpha peptide. Finally, the identification of the purified eosinophil-associated transcript as hTGF-alpha was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction product restriction enzyme analysis followed by Southern blot hybridization. In contrast to eosinophils from the patient with hypereosinophilic syndrome, the peripheral blood eosinophils from only two of seven normal donors had detectable TGF-alpha mRNA and none of these eosinophils contained immunohistochemically detectable TGF-alpha product. Taken together, these findings establish that human eosinophils can express TGF-alpha, but suggest that the expression of TGF-alpha by eosinophils may be under microenvironmental regulation. Demonstration of TGF-alpha production by tissue-infiltrating eosinophils and the eosinophils in the hypereosinophilic syndrome identifies a novel mechanism by which eosinophils might contribute to physiological, immunological, and pathological responses.

Heterogeneity of recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-mediated enhancement of neutrophil adherence to endothelium.

Human recombinant (r) and chemically synthesized granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was found to enhance the attachment of neutrophils to monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by direct action upon the neutrophil. Using synthetic peptides of GM-CSF with truncated amino and carboxy termini, a region between amino acids 14 and 24 was found to be essential for neutrophil attachment. In analysis of the response of neutrophils from individual donors, a heterogeneity in their capacity to respond to GM-CSF by increased adherence was observed. The level of response to GM-CSF did not depend on receptor number. However, a positive correlation (r = 0.58) was found between the ability to respond to GM-CSF and the level of response to tumor necrosis factor--suggesting a link between the responses of neutrophils to these two cytokines. The stimulation of neutrophil adhesiveness to endothelial cells by rGM-CSF and the heterogeneity in donor response may have important implications for the clinical administration of GM-CSF.

Group B streptococcal cellulitis in infants: a disease modified by prior antibiotic therapy or hospitalization?

Among 78 cases of group B streptococcal infections in children hospitalized at our institution during 1981 to 1985, five cases of cellulitis in infants were identified. Age at onset was 4 to 11 weeks. Group B streptococci were isolated from each of two aspirate cultures, all four blood cultures obtained before administering antibiotics, and none of four spinal fluid cultures obtained. All five infants had previously been treated with IV antibiotics in the hospital. Two infants had been previously treated for group B streptococcal infections (one each meningitis and neonatal sepsis). In contrast, among the 29 other patients with late-onset (2 weeks of age or older) group B streptococcal infection, four had prior treatment with IV antibiotics (P less than .001). These data suggest that hospitalization and/or parenteral antibiotic therapy may be a risk factor for development of group B streptococcal cellulitis.

Nedocromil sodium and cromolyn (sodium cromoglycate) selectively inhibit antibody-dependent granulocyte-mediated cytotoxicity.

Nedocromil sodium and cromolyn (sodium cromoglycate) are prophylactic agents in asthma which were initially found to be inhibitors of mast cell activation. Recent evidence has suggested that their effects on granulocyte-mediated reactions may contribute to their therapeutic effects. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) enhance the activity of granulocytes in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Preincubation of purified neutrophils or eosinophils with nedocromil sodium or cromolyn partially inhibited their ability to mediate ADCC when stimulated by GM-CSF or TNF. Preincubation with nedocromil sodium did not alter the ability of neutrophils to produce superoxide or release lysozyme in response to soluble or phagocytic stimuli, and GM-CSF-enhanced superoxide production triggered by chemotactic peptide was not altered in such drug-treated neutrophils. After nedocromil sodium treatment, neutrophils showed no consistent changes in TNF-stimulated adherence to either plastic culture wells or umbilical vein endothelium. These findings demonstrate that nedocromil sodium and cromolyn directly and selectively affect the function of granulocytes in vitro. While drug-treated granulocytes were impaired in immune-directed cytotoxicity stimulated by GM-CSF or TNF, activation of other granulocyte functions by the same stimuli was intact.

111In-labeled eosinophils: localization of inflammatory lesions and parasitic infections in mice.

Based upon recent development of practical isolation techniques for eosinophils, labeling and in vivo imaging of eosinophils has been achieved. Isolation of cells was performed utilizing a Percoll density gradient. The eosinophils were subsequently labeled by a modified 111In-oxine method. Migration of eosinophils in response to intradermal ear-pinna injections of SEA (soluble schistosoma egg antigen), S. mansoni eggs, E. coli, and turpentine was followed with gamma-ray camera imaging from 4 to 48 h. Maximal localization, determined by Gamma 11 data processing, occurred by 4-h post-injection of radiolabel. SEA and S. mansoni eggs provided a greater stimulus for localization than E. coli or turpentine. Neutrophils did not preferentially accumulate. Tissue distribution of labeled eosinophils was greatest in the spleen, followed by liver and bone. 111In-labeled-eosinophil scans are sensitive to parasitic infections, although somewhat nonspecific.

Work in progress: radionuclide imaging of indium-111-labeled eosinophils in mice.

Eosinophils isolated from peritoneal exudates were labeled with indium-111-oxine and injected intravenously into sensitized mice. They became localized at sites of inflammation produced by intradermal injections of schistosomal antigen or Toxocara canis larvae, whereas labeled neutrophils did not. Intense uptake of eosinophils by normal spleen, liver, and bone marrow was noted, with tracer distribution effectively complete by 5 hours after injection. Indium-111-eosinophil studies appear to be quite sensitive to parasitic inflammatory reactions; in contrast, nonspecific inflammation such as that induced by turpentine causes localization of eosinophils, but to a lesser extent. This technique may be useful in the study of parasitic and allergic disease.

Murine eosinophils labeled with indium-111 oxine: localization to delayed hypersensitivity reactions against a schistosomal antigen and to lymphokine in vivo.

We have evaluated a method for quantitation of eosinophil migration to stimuli in vivo. Upon transfusion into normal syngeneic mice, 111In-labeled eosinophils had an intravascular half-life of 9.5 hr and distributed predominantly into spleen, bone marrow, and liver. In either Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice or recipients of lymphoid cells from infected mice, intradermal (ear pinna) injection of the schistosomal egg antigenic preparation (SEA) elicited time-dependent accumulation of 111In-labeled eosinophils detectable by either gamma scintillation counting of tissue samples or by nuclear medicine external imaging. Intradermal administration of a lymphokine fraction (containing eosinophil stimulation promoter activity) similarly caused accumulation of 111In-labeled eosinophils. Both reactions depended on the concentration of stimulus (SEA or lymphokine). 111In-labeled neutrophils or macrophages or 125I-albumin did not preferentially accumulate at the reactions examined to the extent found with 111In-labeled eosinophils, indicating that localization of label depends on an active process and is due to eosinophils rather than a contaminating cell type. The method was used to estimate how long eosinotactic lymphokine remained at dermal sites: 60% of initial activity was present 12 hr after injection. The model is discussed with regard to the role of lymphokines in hypersensitivity reactions with eosinophil involvement, such as the granulomatous response to S. mansoni eggs.

Arachidonic acid metabolism in the murine eosinophil. III. Effect of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs on lymphokine-directed eosinophil migration in vivo.

In vitro studies of murine eosinophils indicated that lymphokine-stimulated metabolism of arachidonic acid by a lipoxygenase pathway was required for a migration response. In this study we tested the effects of drugs that affect arachidonic acid metabolism on lymphokine-dependent eosinophil accumulation in vivo by the use of 111In-labeled eosinophils. Indomethacin at different dosages either stimulated (1 mg/kg) or partially inhibited (5 to 25 mg/kg) eosinophil accumulation. Aspirin had no significant effects in doses up to 50 mg/kg. BW755C, a drug that inhibits both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, dramatically inhibited eosinophil accumulation at 25 to 125 mg/kg. Pretreatment in vitro of 111In-labeled eosinophils with some drugs known to inhibit lipoxygenase reduced their subsequent accumulation at a lymphokine-injected site in vivo, but the high concentrations required for inhibition suggested that the effects of the drugs were at least partially reversible. Pretreatment with indomethacin did not inhibit the ability of 111In-labeled eosinophils to accumulate at the site of lymphokine injection in vivo. It may be anticipated from these results that drugs inhibiting lipoxygenase will have critical effects on manifestations of immunologic reactions that recruit eosinophils.

Identification of lipoxygenase products from arachidonic acid metabolism in stimulated murine eosinophils.

The presence of arachidonic acid lipoxygenase pathways in murine eosinophils was demonstrated by the isolation and identification of several lipoxygenase products from incubations of these cells. The most abundant arachidonate metabolite from murine eosinophils stimulated with ionophore A23187 and exogenous arachidonic acid was 12-S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-S-HETE), and the next most abundant was 15-HETE. Two families of leukotrienes were also recovered from these incubations. One family comprised the hydrolysis products of leukotriene A4, and the other included products derived from the 14,15-oxido analog of leukotriene A4 (14,15-leukotriene A4). Two double oxygenation products of arachidonate were also identified. These compounds were a 5,15-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5,15-diHETE) and a 5,12-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5,12-diHETE). Eosinophil stimulation promoter is a murine lymphokine which enhances the migration of eosinophils. When murine eosinophils were incubated with eosinophil stimulation promoter in concentrations sufficient to produce a migration response, a 2-3-fold increase in the production of 12-HETE was observed compared to unstimulated cells. Coupled with the recent demonstration that arachidonic acid lipoxygenase inhibitors suppress the migration response to eosinophil stimulation promoter and that 12-HETE induces a migration response, this observation provides further evidence in support of the hypothesis that eosinophil stimulation promoter stimulation of eosinophils results in the generation of lipoxygenase products which modulate the migratory activity of the cells.

Arachidonic acid metabolism of the murine eosinophil. II. Involvement of the lipoxygenase pathway in the response to the lymphokine eosinophil stimulation promoter.

Eosinophil stimulation promoter (ESP) is a murine lymphokine that enhances the migration of eosinophils. Exogenous arachidonic acid between 0.5 and 2 micrograms/ml potentiated the activity of ESP on murine eosinophil migration, whereas such concentrations did not affect migration in the absence of ESP. Among the lipoxygenase products identified from an enriched population of murine eosinophils, leukotriene B4 (optimal activity at 100 ng/ml) and 12-HETE (optimal activity at 2 micrograms/ml) stimulated migration of these cells. Another lipoxygenase product from these cells 15-HETE inhibited ESP-induced migration; between 5 and 10 micrograms/ml 15-HETE decreased by one-half both stimulated migration and 12-HETE biosynthesis. Structurally diverse drugs at concentrations that inhibited HETE biosynthesis inhibited ESP-induced migration. The concentrations that decreased migration activity by one-half were 5 microM NDGA, 10 microM ETYA, and 150 microM BW755C. Aspirin and indomethacin at concentrations reported to inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis did not substantially inhibit ESP activity, but concentrations of indomethacin above 20 microM caused concentration-dependent inhibition of migration. The selective lipoxygenases inhibitor 134,7,10,13-eicosatetraynoic acid was more potent than ETYA in inhibition of ESP-induced migration, and the selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor 6,9,12-octadecatriynoic acid did not effect inhibition. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that stimulation of eosinophils by the lymphokine ESP involves the generation of lipoxygenase products from arachidonic acid, which positively and negatively regulate the migratory activities of these cells.

Distribution of sequences homologous to the DNA of herpes simplex virus, types 1 and 2, in the genome of pseudorabies virus.

The distribution of related sequences between the genomes of pseudorabies virus (PRV) and herpes simplex virus, types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), was determined. Approximately 7% of the sequences in PRV are shared by HSV-1 and HSV-2 DNAs. By means of the Southern blot technique, it was found that the homologous sequences are not sequestered in one region but are distributed throughout the PRV genome. HSV-1 and HSV-2 have the greatest homology with the long unique region of PRV DNA and the least with the inverted repeat regions of the molecule. HSV-1 DNA also has few sequences homologous to the short unique region of the PRV genome; HSV-2 DNA hybridizes well to this region. There was no homology of HSV-1 or HSV-2 DNAs with the extreme ends of the inverted repeat regions of PRV DNA.