The Phubbing Scale (PS-8) in the Portuguese population: psychometric properties.

Phubbing is defined as ignoring other individuals by using a mobile phone during a face-to-face conversation. The Phubbing Scale (PS) was developed to assess this practice. In this study, we analyze the psychometric properties of the 8-item version of the PS (PS-8) in the Portuguese population, providing validity evidence based on internal structure and on relationships with other variables, and examining item properties, reliability, and measurement invariance across gender. Participants were 391 Portuguese adults (132 men, 259 women) who completed a battery of questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded satisfactory goodness-of-fit indices for the two-factor structure (communication disturbance and phone obsession), which was invariant across gender. Item homogeneity and reliability of factor scores (McDonald's omega) were satisfactory. Validity evidence based on relationships with other variables was provided by positive associations with time spent on the Internet on weekdays and at the weekend, time spent on social networking sites, number of social networks used, Internet addiction, problematic mobile phone use, Facebook intrusion, fear of missing out, and depression. These associations show the addictive component of phubbing and its relationship with mental health. The PS-8 is a short and easy-to-administer scale with adequate psychometric properties for measuring phubbing in the Portuguese population.

The Phubbing Scale (PS-8) in the Portuguese population: psychometric properties

Phubbing is defined as ignoring other individuals by using a mobile phone during a face-to-face conversation. The Phubbing Scale (PS) was developed to assess this practice. In this study, we analyze the psychometric properties of the 8-item version of the PS (PS-8) in the Portuguese population, providing validity evidence based on internal structure and on relationships with other variables, and examining item properties, reliability, and measurement invariance across gender. Participants were 391 Portuguese adults (132 men, 259 women) who completed a battery of questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded satisfactory goodness-of-fit indices for the two-factor structure (communication disturbance and phone obsession), which was invariant across gender. Item homogeneity and reliability of factor scores (McDonald's omega) were satisfactory. Validity evidence based on relationships with other variables was provided by positive associations with time spent on the Internet on weekdays and at the weekend, time spent on social networking sites, number of social networks used, Internet addiction, problematic mobile phone use, Facebook intrusion, fear of missing out, and depression. These associations show the addictive component of phubbing and its relationship with mental health. The PS-8 is a short and easy-to-administer scale with adequate psychometric properties for measuring phubbing in the Portuguese population. (AU)

Measurement invariance of the Phubbing Scale across 20 countries.

Mobile phone addiction is a robust phenomenon observed throughout the world. The social aspect of mobile phone use is crucial; therefore, phubbing is a part of the mobile phone addiction phenomenon. Phubbing is defined as ignoring an interlocutor by glancing at one's mobile phone during a face-to-face conversation. The main aim of this study was to investigate how the Phubbing Scale (containing 10 items) might vary across countries, and between genders. Data were collected in 20 countries: Belarus, Brazil, China, Croatia, Ecuador, India, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, UK, Ukraine and USA. The mean age across the sample (N = 7696, 65.8% women, 34.2% men) was 25.32 years (SD = 9.50). The cross-cultural invariance of the scale was investigated using multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (MGCFA) as well as the invariance analyses. Additionally, data from each country were assessed individually via confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs). We obtained two factors, based on only eight of the items: (a) communication disturbances and (b) phone obsession. The 8 items Phubbing Scale.

Country Indicators Moderating the Relationship Between Phubbing and Psychological Distress: A Study in 20 Countries.

Problematic mobile phone use can be related to negative mental states. Some studies indicate that behavioural dependency is related to variables associated with the country of origin. The aim of our study was to investigate if country indicators moderated the relationship between phubbing and psychological distress. Our sample consisted of 7,315 individuals from 20 countries, who completed the Phubbing Scale and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). The analyses also included country indicators: the Gender Gap Index (GGI), the Human Development Index (HDI), the Social Progress Index (SPI), Hofstede's dimensions of culture, and the World Happiness Index (WHI). Our results showed that psychological distress was related to at least one dimension of phubbing (i.e., to communication disturbance or phone obsession) in all countries, which means this relationship is culturally universal. The results of the study demonstrate the importance of testing measurement invariance to determine what type of analysis and what type of conclusion are valid in a given study or comparison. Moreover, the increasing or decreasing correlation between phubbing and distress is related to some culture-level indices.

[Psychological profile of potential organ donors and non-organ donors]. / Perfil psicológico de potenciales donantes y no donantes de órganos.

The aim of this research was to analyse the psychological profile of potential organ donors and potential non-organ donors, from a sample of people with qualifications lower than a Bachelor's degree. The variables examined were prosocial behaviour, the scales of the Constructive Thinking Inventory, and the dimensions of personality of the Big-Five Questionnaire. The results show that non-organ donors have a lower score in prosocial behaviour, are less efficient in their actions, with a tendency for less thought before acting, and they tend to be prejudiced. The results also reveal that this group has lower degrees of cooperation and empathy. They tend to be less reflective, less scrupulous, less willing to persevere in their actions, less interested in culture, and less open to new ideas and values. The above results are discussed, bearing in mind the utility of this knowledge to professionals dedicated to organ donation.

Perfil psicológico de potenciales donantes y no donantes de órganos / Psychological profile of potential organ donors and non-organ donors

El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar el perfil psicológico del potencial donante y no donante de órganos en una muestra de ciudadanos con un nivel de formación inferior al universitario. Las variables analizadas han sido la conducta prosocial, las escalas correspondientes al Inventario de Pensamiento Constructivo y las dimensiones de personalidad del Cuestionario Big-Five. Los resultados muestran que el grupo cuya intención es no donar presenta menor puntuación en conducta prosocial, es menos eficaz en sus actuaciones, con tendencia a acciones menos reflexionadas, y mayor tendencia al prejuicio, suspicacia e intolerancia. Asimismo, este grupo muestra un menor grado de cooperación, empatía, reflexión, escrupulosidad y perseverancia en la actuación, y menor interés por la cultura, así como menor apertura a ideas y valores nuevos. Los resultados se comentan en función de la utilidad que el conocimiento del perfil psicológico pueda proporcionar a los profesionales dedicados a la donación de órganos

The aim of this research was to analyse the psychological profile of potential organ donors and potential non-organ donors, from a sample of people with qualifications lower than a Bachelor's degree. The variables examined were prosocial behaviour, the scales of the Constructive Thinking Inventory, and the dimensions of personality of the Big-Five Questionnaire. The results show that non-organ donors have a lower score in prosocial behaviour, are less efficient in their actions, with a tendency for less thought before acting, and they tend to be prejudiced. The results also reveal that this group has lower degrees of cooperation and empathy. They tend to be less reflective, less scrupulous, less willing to persevere in their actions, less interested in culture, and less open to new ideas and values. The above results are discussed, bearing in mind the utility of this knowledge to professionals dedicated to organ donation

Effect of the similarity between target and global and local levels in hierarchical stimuli processing.

The hypothesis of global precedence was investigated by manipulating the similarity between target and relevant level, and between target and global and local levels of hierarchical stimuli, both in divided and selective attention conditions. The similarity was measured on the basis of the amount of shared contour between two visual forms. The stimuli were circles, right-facing semicircles, i.e., 1/2 of the circumference missing, and right-facing partial circles with a 1/4 of the circumference missing. The circle was used as a target and, consequently, the similarity between target and semicircle and between it and the partial circle was 50% and 75%, respectively. In the divided attention condition, the results showed a local advantage in the two similarity conditions between target and distractor level (50% and 75%) and a bidirectional and symmetrical interference at both levels of similarity. However, in the 'selective attention condition', a local reaction time advantage was only found when the similarity between target and irrelevant level was of 50%. When attention was directed towards the global level, local interference increased depending on the decrease in the degree of the local level similarity. When the attention was directed towards the local level, there was global interference but it was independent of the degree of the global level similarity. These results show the importance of the physical shape of the local elements used in experiments with hierarchical stimuli, since they may determine the relative speed of global processing, facilitating or impairing it.

Procesamiento global y local con tareas de categorización de la orientación / Global and local processing with orientation classification tasks

Recientemente se ha sugerido que el análisis de los rasgos globales y locales depende de la demanda de la tarea experimental. Blanca, Luna, López, Zalabardo y Rando (en prensa) encontraron ventaja global con estímulos de alta densidad en tareas de categorización de la orientación izquierda/derecha y ausencia de ventaja global o local con tareas de detección de una figura-objetivo. El objetivo del presente experimento es comprobar si los resultados de Blanca et al. (en prensa) encontrados con tareas de categorización de la orientación se replican con estímulos jerárquicos que contienen un menor número de elementos locales. Si la demanda de la tarea es un factor influyente, entonces es de esperar que una reducción en la densidad estimular no afecte al procesamiento global, de forma que aparezca la ventaja global encontrada con estímulos de mayor densidad. En el experimento se instruye a los sujetos para que indiquen la dirección, izquierda o derecha, de la apertura de un semicírculo bajo condiciones de atención dividida o selectiva. Los estímulos se presentan hasta la respuesta del sujeto o durante 150 msg. Los resultados indican ventaja global en las dos condiciones de atención e independientemente del tiempo de exposición del estímulo, aportando datos a favor de una dominancia global en juicios sobre orientación. (AU)

Características de los estímulos y de la tarea en el procesamiento de los rasgos global y local / Stimuli and task characteristics in the global and local processing

La primacía de los rasgos globales de una forma visual sobre los locales, o viceversa, es todavía una cuestión sin resolver. Algunos autores han señalado que la precedencia global sucede cuando se iguala la excentricidad de los niveles global y local mediante la utilización de estímulos concéntricos. Sin embargo, otras investigaciones con patrones visuales similares han obtenido precedencia local. El presente trabajo incluye dos experimentos planificados para arrojar luz sobre la interpretación de estos resultados inconsistentes. En conjunto, se pretende analizar si la diferencia en la densidad estimular utilizada en los distintos experimentos o la diferencia en el tipo de tarea pueden ser hipótesis plausibles para explicar la obtención de los resultados contradictorios. En el primer experimento, bajo condiciones de atención selectiva y dividida, se incluye una tarea de detección de una figura-objetivo en el estímulo con un tiempo de exposición de 150 msg. y con estímulos concéntricos con mayor número de elementos locales que los empleados en experimentos previos (Blanca, López, Luna, Zalabardo y Rando, 2000; 2001). Los resultados apuntan a una ausencia de ventaja global o local y a una interferencia bidireccional para la condición de atención selectiva, y bidreccional pero asimétrica para la condición de atención dividida, siendo mayor la interferencia global. En el segundo experimento, se instruye a los sujetos para que indiquen la dirección, izquierda o derecha, de la apertura de un semicírculo en el nivel pertinente, según la condición de dirección de la atención. Los estímulos se presentan con un tiempo de exposición de 150 msg. o ilimitado. Los resultados muestran una ventaja global, tanto bajo condiciones de atención dividida como selectiva, la cual es independiente del tiempo de exposición del estímulo. La comparación de los resultados extraídos de los dos experimentos, junto con los derivados de otras investigaciones, sugiere que la tarea es un importante determinante de la relativa velocidad de procesamiento global o local. Estos hallazgos se comentan en función de los procesos cognitivos subyacentes a las dos tareas incluidas (AU)

Efecto de la similitud en el procesamiento global y local con tiempo de exposición limitado / Effect of the similarity in the global and local processing with limited exposure duration

El presente experimento pretende analizar la influencia de la similitud de la identidad de los niveles de un estímulo jerárquico con la figura-objetivo en el procesamiento de los rasgos globales y locales, durante un tiempo de exposición limitado bajo tareas de atención dividida y selectiva. La similitud se manipuló en función de la cantidad de contorno compartido. Los estímulos fueron círculos y semicírculos con una apertura de 1/2 o de 1/4 de la circunferencia total. La figura objetivo fue el círculo y la similitud que éste mantenía con los semicírculos podía ser del 50% o del 75%. En relación con la tarea de atención dividida, los resultados muestran que no existe ventaja global ni local en tiempo de reacción, pero se evidencia una interferencia bidireccional y simétrica. Una mayor similitud del nivel irrelevante (nivel donde la figura-objetivo está ausente) provoca respuestas más lentas y afecta por igual al procesamiento de los niveles global y local. En la tarea de atención selectiva, se encuentran los mismos resultados en relación con la ventaja e interferencia. Sin embargo, una mayor similitud del nivel irrelevante (nivel no atendido) con la figura-objetivo provoca menores tiempos de reacción. Los resultados se comentan en términos de un efecto facilitador o inhibidor de la similitud según la demanda de la tarea experimental (AU)

The aim of the present experiment is to analyze, with a limited exposure duration, the effect of physical similarity between target and levels of a hierarchical stimulus on the global and local processing. Similarity was manipulated on the basis of the amount of the shared contour. The stimuli were circle and semicircle with a gap of 1/2 or 1/4 of the circumference. The circle was used as target and the similarity with de semicircles was either of 50% or 75%. In the divided attention task, the results showed neither a global nor a local advantage in RT, but the interference was bidirectional and symmetrical. The interference increased as a function of the increase in the degree of similarity between target and irrelevant level (target absent). In divided attention task, the same results were found in relation to advantage and interference, but the similarity had a different effect. The interference increased as a function of the decrease in the degree of similarity. The results are discussed in terms of a facilitating or inhibiting effect of similarity, depending on the demands of the experimental task (AU)