Curso de especialização em saúde coletiva com foco na atenção básica para o programa mais médicos: análise comparativa da experiência desenvolvida pelo ISC/UFBA / Specialization course in public health with a focus on primary care for the mais médicos program: comparative analysis of the experience developed by ISC/UFBA / Curso de especialización en salud colectiva con énfasis en atención primaria para el programa más médicos: análisis comparativo de la experiencia desarrollada por el ISC/UFBA

Este artigo relata a experiência da implementação do curso de especialização em saúde coletiva, realizada pela UNA-SUS/UFBA, por meio do Instituto de Saúde Coletiva (ISC) e da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia, para a formação dos médicos vinculados ao Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) no estado da Bahia. A análise da experiência foi apresentada com base na formulação de Donabedian sobre estrutura, processo e resultado, aplicada ao curso. Para isso, foram estabelecidos critérios das três dimensões e indicadores de análise, que mostraram, ao final, uma análise positiva da proposta analisada. Os resultados apontaram que o curso apresentou uma estrutura inovadora, do ponto de vista teórico e metodológico, pelos dispositivos utilizados e pela articulação de suas atividades. No processo, foram fundamentais as experiências e vivências do tutor da aprendizagem e, por último, a importância dos projetos de intervenção focados na realidade do médico.

This paper reports the experience carried out by UNA-SUS ­ UFBA, with support from the Institute of Public Health and the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Bahia, to implement a specialization course in public health for the training of Mais Médicos Program physicians in Bahia, Brazil. The experience was analyzed based on Donabedian's formulation about structure, process and result, applied to the course. For this purpose, the study established criteria for each dimension and analysis indicators, which showed a positive analysis of the proposal. Results showed that the course presented an innovative structure, from a theoretical and methodological perspective, due to the resources used and the articulation of its activities. The professor's experiences and the intervention projects focused on the physician's reality were fundamental in the process.

Este artículo describe la experiencia en la implementación del Curso de Especialización en Salud Colectiva realizado por la UNA-SUS-UFBA a través del Instituto de Saúde Coletiva y la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad da Bahia para la formación de Médicos incluidos en el Programa Más Médicos (PMM) en el estado de Bahía. El análisis de la experiencia se presentó a partir de la formulación de estructura, proceso y resultado de Donabedian, aplicada al curso. Para ello, se establecieron criterios de las tres dimensiones e indicadores de análisis, que permitieron realizar un análisis positivo de la propuesta analizada. Los resultados mostraron que el curso presentó una estructura innovadora desde el punto de vista teórico y metodológico, debido a los dispositivos utilizados y la articulación de sus actividades. Las experiencias y vivencias del tutor de aprendizaje fueron fundamentales en el proceso y también la importancia de los proyectos de intervención con énfasis en la realidad del médico.

SUS na mídia em contexto de pandemia / SUS in the media in a pandemic context

RESUMO A pandemia da Covid-19 produziu novas demandas por serviços nos sistemas de saúde no mundo inteiro. No Brasil, o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) passou a ser objeto do interesse dos meios de comunicação, que realizaram esforços de cobertura das ações governamentais e da capacidade do sistema no controle da pandemia. Este estudo objetiva analisar matérias do jornal 'Folha de São Paulo' (FSP), quanto aos sentidos produzidos sobre o SUS na pandemia de Covid-19. Foram analisadas 231 matérias, dentre as 524 publicadas no período de janeiro a maio de 2020, obedecendo aos critérios de inclusão estabelecidos. O corpus foi categorizado em quatro sentidos: SUS constitucional, SUS problema, SUS em disputa e SUS atuante. A diversidade de sentidos atribuídos ao SUS aponta a necessidade da ampliação de captura das dimensões do SUS.

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has produced new demands for services in healthcare systems around the world. In Brazil, the SUS became the object of interest of the media, which made efforts to cover government actions and the system's capacity to control the pandemic. This study aims to analyze articles from the newspaper 'Folha de São Paulo' (FSP), regarding the meanings produced about the Unified Health System (SUS) in the COVID-19 pandemic. 231 articles were analyzed, among the 524 published in the period from January to May 2020, following the established inclusion criteria. The corpus was categorized in four senses: constitutional SUS, problem SUS, disputed SUS and active SUS. The reflection on the diversity of meanings attributed to the SUS points to the need to expand the capture of the dimensions of the SUS.

Characteristics and impacts of itch in children with inflammatory skin disorders.

BACKGROUND: Itch is a cardinal feature of paediatric disorders and can impair quality of life. However, few studies have addressed symptoms and impacts of itch in paediatric patients. OBJECTIVES: We focused on understanding the child's experience of itch and the impact of itch specifically on affected children, including comparison with the adult experience. METHODS: Semistructured interviews (nine parents, 15 children with itch) explored concerns related to paediatric itch experiences and effects. Themes were compared with those of previous adult interviews. Literature was reviewed to identify the need for a more comprehensive measure of paediatric itch. RESULTS: Itch quality, intensity, duration and environmental triggers (sweating, climate change, stress and certain fabrics) are important aspects of the child's itch experience. Skin disruption, physical function, concentration, emotional reactions, stigma and relationships/social effects are itch impact themes that emerged. No paediatric-specific scale comprehensively captures the paediatric patient itch experience. However, differences between child and adult reports of itch-related pain, functional limitations, fatigue and restlessness, emotional reactions to itch, and treatment effects emphasize the need for a paediatric-specific measurement tool. CONCLUSIONS: Children and parents endorse the importance of capturing the paediatric-focused characteristics and impacts of itch in measuring disease severity and response to intervention.

Ib-M6 Antimicrobial Peptide: Antibacterial Activity against Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli and Molecular Docking.

The Ib-M6 peptide has antibacterial activity against non-pathogenic Escherichia coli K-12 strain. The first part of this study determines the antibacterial activity of Ib-M6 against fourteen pathogenic strains of E. coli O157:H7. Susceptibility assay showed that Ib-M6 had values of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) lower than streptomycin, used as a reference antibiotic. Moreover, to predict the possible interaction between Ib-M6 and outer membrane components of E. coli, we used molecular docking simulations where FhuA protein and its complex with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS-FhuA) were used as targets of the peptide. FhuA/Ib-M6 complexes had energy values between -39.5 and -40.5 Rosetta Energy Units (REU) and only one hydrogen bond. In contrast, complexes between LPS-FhuA and Ib-M6 displayed energy values between -25.6 and -40.6 REU, and the presence of five possible hydrogen bonds. Hence, the antimicrobial activity of Ib-M6 peptide shown in the experimental assays could be caused by its interaction with the outer membrane of E. coli.

Detecting population structure of Paleosuchus trigonatus (Alligatoridae: Caimaninae) through microsatellites markers developed by next generation sequencing.

We isolated and characterized 10 new microsatellites loci for Paleosuchus trigonatus using ION TORRENT Sequencing Technology. We tested the transferability of these loci to three related species of the subfamily Caimaninae, and used these bi-parental markers to test population structure and genetic diversity of two populations of P. trigonatus impacted by hydroelectric dam construction on the Madeira (N = 16) and Xingu (N = 16) rivers. We also investigated the transferability of these markers to three related species: Paleosuchus palpebrosus (N = 5), Caiman crocodilus (N = 6) and Melanosuchus niger (N = 6). The genetic diversity of P. trigonatus was low in both the Madeira (He: 0.535 ± 0.148) and Xingu (He: 0.381 ± 0.222) populations, but the loci were sufficiently polymorphic to be used in system of mating and kinship studies in P. trigonatus. DAPC analysis with our set of microsatellites loci was able to separate the four species of Caimaninae studied and to detect a shallow genetic structure between Madeira and Xingu populations of P. trigonatus. AMOVA and STRUCTURE analyses using locprior model corroborate this shallow genetic structure. These novel molecular markers will be also useful in conservation genetics and phylogeographic studies of P. trigonatus, since they improve our ability to monitor the putative effects of dams on the loss of genetic diversity and allow us to investigate population dynamics and microevolutionary processes that occurred in the species.

TYPE TESTING OF LiF:Mg,Cu,P (TLD-100H) WHOLE-BODY DOSEMETERS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF Hp(10) AND Hp(0.07).

In this work, the initial results of the type testing of the LiF:Mg,Cu,P (TLD-100H) whole-body personal dosemeters are presented. An assessment of reproducibility, linearity of the response, the residual signal as a function of the dose, energy and angular dependence of the response was performed. In general, the dosemeters show good reproducibility for different dose values and a linear behaviour for a range between 0.1 and 300 mSv. The detection limits obtained are lower than 50 µSv. The system presents a good energy and angular response for different radiation qualities.

Informação sobre diabetes nos blogs: aplicabilidade do Modelo de Análise do Discurso Noticioso em Saúde / Information on diabetes in blogs: applicability of the Analysis Model of Health News Discourse

RESUMO No contexto de surgimento da internet, a comunicação através das mídias digitais reconfigurou a forma de produção, apropriação e divulgação de notícias e informações sobre a saúde. Nesse sentido, os blogs constituíram-se como espaços virtuais de compartilhamento de ideias e socialização de conhecimentos e informações que possibilitam o surgimento de novos problemas e objetos de pesquisa em comunicação e saúde coletiva, bem como contribuem para a disseminação de informações, conhecimentos e notícias sobre a saúde. Observou-se que o mercado de saúde alinhado ao modelo biomédico centrado nas tecnologias e na assistência individual se utiliza desse meio para disseminar narrativas sobre a saúde. O estudo tem abordagem qualitativa, caráter descritivo e documental, para verificar a aplicabilidade do Modelo de Análise do Discurso Noticioso em Saúde aos blogs que divulgaram notícias sobre a inovação tecnológica em saúde para o cuidado do Diabetes Mellitus. O modelo de análise aplicado aos blogs permitiu observar que as notícias compartilhadas pelas distintas mídias, o medo de acometimento do diabetes e a esperança de sua cura se constituem como estratégias de convencimento dos usuários dos blogs, atendendo aos interesses da economia de mercado na produção de demandas e necessidades em saúde.

ABSTRACT In the context of the rise of internet, communication through digital media has reconfigured the way of producing, appropriating and disseminating news and information about health. In this sense, blogs have constituted virtual spaces for the sharing of ideas and socialization of knowledge and information that allow the emergence of new problems and objects of research in communication and public health, as well as contributing to the dissemination of information, knowledge and news on health. It was observed that the health market adjusted to the biomedical model focused on technologies and in individual assistance uses this mean to disseminate health narratives. The study has a qualitative, descriptive and documentary approach to verify the applicability of the Analysis Model of Health News Discourse in blogs which released news on technological innovation in health care for Diabetes Mellitus. It is concluded that the analysis model applied to blogs have allowed us to observe that the news shared by the different media, as well as the fear of getting diabetes and the hope for its cure constitute strategies of convincing users of blogs to serve the interests of the market economy in the production of health demands and needs.

Validación del instrumento: Competencias del personal de enfermería en Salud Pública, en el contexto mexicano / Validation of instrument: Competencies among nursing personnel of public health in the Mexican context / Validação do instrumento: Competências do pessoal de enfermagem em Saúde Pública, no contexto mexicano

Introducción Cuando se utilicen cuestionarios desarrollados en otros países e idiomas en estudios científicos, además de traducirlos, es necesario su adaptación cultural y validación, el objetivo de esta investigación es contar con un instrumento válido y confiable para evaluar las competencias del personal de enfermería en salud pública, para aplicarlo en el contexto mexicano. Metodología El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo-transversal, multietápico, la población se integró en 3 grupos para las 3 diferentes etapas, en la primera, por un grupo de 10 expertos en investigación de la Facultad de Enfermería de Tampico, de la Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, México y 17 profesionales que laboran en el primer nivel de atención; en la segunda, 30 profesionales de enfermería y en la tercera 177 profesionales que trabajan en el campo de la salud pública, todos ellos de tres jurisdicciones del Sur de Tamaulipas, México, el muestreo fue por conveniencia. Resultados En cuanto a los tres procesos que se realizaron para la validación del instrumento, se mostraron resultados adecuados y satisfactorios para su aplicación, ya que en la prueba de V-Aiken se obtuvo un resultado cercano a 1, en el proceso semántico sólo se realizó modificación a una palabra; a través de la prueba piloto se obtuvo un resultado de 0.97 en el Alfa de Cronbach. Conclusiones El instrumento se considera válido para iniciar con la evaluación de las mencionadas competencias, para contar con un diagnóstico inicial de las áreas de oportunidad para personal de enfermería.

Introduction When using questionnaires developed in other countries and languages for scientific studies, besides the translation, it is necessary their cultural adaptation and validation. The objective of this work was to assure the use of an instrument which is valid and reliable while assessing the competencies among nursing personnel of public health in the Mexican context. Methodology This is a descriptive-transversal and multi-step study. The population was represented by 3 groups for 3 different stages. The first group was integrated by 10 experts in research from the Nursing Faculty of the University of Tamaulipas, Tampico, and 17 professionals working in the first level of attention. The second group was integrated by 30 professionals of nursing. The third group was integrated by 177 professionals working in the field of public health. All professionals were from three jurisdictions in the south of Tamaulipas, Mexico. The sampling process was by convenience. Results The three validation processes showed satisfactory results for the adaptation of the instrument. The V-Aiken test score was close to 1. Regarding the semantics, only one word was modified. The pilot test had a final Cronbach Alpha of 0.97. Conclusions The instrument was considered valid for the assessment of the herein referenced competencies.

Introdução Quando se utilizem questionários desenvolvidos em outros países e idiomas em estudos científicos, além de traduzi-los, é necessário sua adaptação cultural e validação, o objetivo desta pesquisa é contar com um instrumento válido e confiável para avaliar as competências do pessoal de enfermagem em saúde pública, para aplicá-lo no contexto mexicano. Metodologia O estudo foi de tipo descritivo-transversal, multietápico, a população integrou-se em 3 grupos para as 3 diferentes etapas, na primeira, por um grupo de 10 experientes na pesquisa da Faculdade de Enfermagem de Tampico, da Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, México e 17 profissionais que laboram no primeiro nível de atenção; na segunda, 30 profissionais de enfermagem e na terceira 177 profissionais que trabalham no campo da saúde pública, todos eles de três jurisdições do Sul de Tamaulipas, México, a amostra foi por conveniência. Resultados Em referência aos três processos que se realizaram para a validação do instrumento, mostraram-se resultados adequados e satisfatórios para sua aplicação, já que na prova de V-Aiken obteve-se um resultado próximo a 1, no processo semântico só se realizou modificação a una palavra; a través da prova piloto obteve-se um resultado de 0.97 na alfa de cronbach. Conclusões O instrumento considera-se válido para iniciar com a avaliação das mencionadas competências, para contar com um diagnóstico inicial das áreas de oportunidade para pessoal de enfermagem.

Reproductive aspects of the Atlantic angel shark Squatina dumeril in the southern Caribbean Sea.

The maturity and reproduction of the Atlantic angel shark Squatina dumeril were assessed using 77 females (29·2-110·4 cm total length; LT ) and 269 males (58·7-108·2 cm LT ) harvested by artisanal gillnetters off Venezuela. The biased sex ratio implied segregation or sex-specific gear selectivity. Based on the development of the reproductive tract, 50% LT at sexual maturity (LT50 , mean ± s.e.) for females and males were estimated at 86·14 ± 0·64 and 81·55 ± 0·12 cm, respectively. Uterine fecundity ranged between one and six and with a maximum embryo size of 25·7 cm LT . Gravid females were observed from August to December, including those close to parturition and while the gestation period was not confirmed, the size of ovarian follicles among some specimens implied protraction. The low fecundity of the species supports close monitoring of catches.

FADING EFFECT OF LiF:Mg,Ti AND LiF:Mg,Cu,P Ext-Rad AND WHOLE-BODY DETECTORS.

Thermoluminescence dosemeters are widely used in individual and environmental monitoring. The aim of this work was to compare the thermal stability of dosemeters of the Ext-Rad and whole-body card types with LiF:Mg,Ti and LiF:Mg,Cu,P detectors stored at different temperatures and periods. The dosemeters were stored at 0°C, room temperature and 40°C for periods that lasted 8, 30, 45, 90 and 120 d. In general, TLD-100H detectors present higher TL signal stability than TLD-100 detectors. The intensity of the signal remained constant for both materials for storage periods at 0°C. At RT the same results was observed for TLD-100H. For TLD-100 detectors, a maximum variation of 22 % was registered for the longest period. At 40°C the TL signal decreased with storage time for both detectors. The TL signal of TLD-100H detectors presented maximum variations of 12 % whereas for TLD-100 detectors, larger variations of 25 % were observed.

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING WITH PASSIVE DETECTORS AT CTN IN PORTUGAL.

The aim of this work is to present the methods in use for environmental dose assessment with passive detectors at Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear (CTN) of Instituto Superior Técnico, in Portugal. The methods are based on LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) detectors inserted in Harshaw holders placed at four locations and exchanged on a quarterly basis. An initial group of measurements allowed the estimation of the time interval necessary to attain a stable value, the determination of a fading factor, as well as the calculation method for the assessment of the ambient dose equivalent rate.

First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii Parasitizing Watermelon from Veracruz, Mexico.

In early April 2012, a sampling of watermelon crop Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai, 1916 cv. Sunsugar took place as part of the National System of Epidemiological Phytosanitary Surveillance (SINAVEF-MEX). This sampling was conducted at Riachuelos locality, Tecolutla, Veracruz, located at the geographic coordinates: 20.42008° N and 96.9627° W, within 50 meters of the Gulf of Mexico. Plants showed yellowing, stunting, and high levels of infection expressed by extensive galling on the roots. These symptoms were reproduced in the greenhouse on watermelon cv. Sunsugar. Egg masses were extracted to obtain juveniles (J2). Female necks and perineal patterns were mounted as well as males and J2 to take measurements of selected morphometric characters. To determine the nematode identity based on a morphological species concept, the following characters were considered. Females: stylet length, DGO and perineal pattern; males: stylet length; J2: body, stylet, tail, and hyaline tail terminus length. The morphometric analysis showed that those values corresponded to the original description of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang & Eisenback, 1983 (=M. mayaguensis Rammah & Hirschmann, 1988) (1,2,3,4). For confirmation of this finding, a molecular diagnosis was performed using markers located in rDNA and mtDNA by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. The rDNA region analyzed was the expansion segments D2-D3 of the 28S gene (primers D2A and D3B). This produced an amplified product of 780 bp. With regard to mtDNA, an amplification of the marker located between the genes COII/16S (primers C2F3 and 1108) resulted in a fragment of 705 bp that is specific for M. enterolobii (1). Sequences of the amplified products were compared with sequences from GenBank (NCBI). The sequences of both markers exhibited 99 and 100% identity with sequences corresponding to M. enterolobii isolates from Florida, Puerto Rico, and China. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees of rDNA and mtDNA sequences demonstrated that the Mexican isolate of M. enterolobii grouped among other isolates exclusive of other Meloidogyne species. The detection of this nematode in Veracruz, Mexico, expands the previously known worldwide distribution. It represents a serious threat due to the high level of aggressiveness shown in watermelon, which was so severe that growers had to change to a different crop. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the root-knot nematode M. enterolobii infecting watermelon cv. Sunsugar in Veracruz, Mexico. References: (1) J. Brito et al. J. Nematol. 36:232, 2004. (2) G. Karssen et al. ZooKeys 181:67, 2012. (3) A. Rammah and H. Hirshmann. J. Nematol. 20:58, 1988. (4) B. Yang and J. Eisenback. J. Nematol. 15:381, 1983.

Redes de aprendizagem colaborativa: contribuição da Educação a Distância no processo de qualificação de gestores do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS / Collaborative learning networks: the contribution of distance education in the qualification process for managers of the Brazilian National Health System - SUS / Redes de aprendizaje de colaboración: contribución de la educación a distancia en la calificación de administradores del SUS

Analisa-se a experiência do Curso de Especialização em Saúde Coletiva: concentração em Gestão Pública Municipal, desenvolvido no estado da Bahia, Brasil, visando qualificar gestores do SUS, mediante a política de Educação Permanente em Saúde (EPS). A Net-Escola de Saúde Coletiva desenvolveu a concepção e operacionalização do curso, articulando pressupostos da Educação a Distância à EPS, orientando-se por competências necessárias à gestão do SUS, para fortalecer projetos e ações que integram educação e trabalho. Desenvolveu-se entre 2009 e 2010, com cento e cinquenta vagas voltadas a gestores municipais de saúde e suas equipes, com base na interação todos-todos e na construção do conhecimento colaborativo, reforçando-se a autonomia e a autoria dos sujeitos, por meio da interatividade no ambiente virtual de aprendizagem, visando potencializar a formação de redes de aprendizagem colaborativa. Analisa-se como a estratégia pedagógica se desenvolveu, delineando-se os desafios enfrentados no processo de ensino-aprendizagem.

This paper examines the experience of the specialization course in Public Health: major in Municipal Public Management, developed in the state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil, in order to qualify managers of Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS - National Health System) according to the Continuing Health Education policy. Net-Escola de Saúde Coletiva developed the course design and operation, articulating the presuppositions of Distance Education and Continuing Health Education, guided by the competencies that are necessary to manage the SUS in order to strengthen projects and activities that integrate education and work. The course was developed between 2009 and 2010, with 150 places for municipal health managers and their teams, based on the all-all interaction and on the construction of collaborative knowledge. It strengthened the subjects' autonomy and authorship, by means of interactivity in the virtual learning environment, aiming to develop collaborative learning networks. This study analyses how the teaching strategy was developed, outlining the challenges faced in the teaching and learning process.

Se analiza la experiencia del Curso de Especialización en Salud Colectiva, concentración en Gestión Pública Municipal, desarrollado en el estado de Bahia, Brasil, con el objeto de calificar a administradores del Sstema Único de Salud brasileño (SUS), mediante la política de Educación Permanente en Salud (EPS). La Ned-Escuela de Salud Colectiva ha desarrollado este curso articulando presupuestos de la Educación a Distancia. Su orientación se apoya en las competencias necesarias a la gestión del SUS para fortalecer proyectos y acciones que integran educación y trabajo. En 2009 y 2010 ha contado con 150 puestos dedicados a adminstradores municipales de salud construyendo conocimiento de colaboración y reforzando autonomía y autoría de los sujetos por medio de la actividad en el ambiente virtual del aprendizage para potenciar la formación de redes de colaboración. Se analizan también el desarrollo de la estrategia pedagógica y los desafíos del proceso.

Alimentação saudável: acesso à informação via mapas de navegação na internet / Healthy Nutrition: access to information via navigation maps on the internet

Apresentam-se e discutem-se os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada com o objetivo de desenvolver uma tecnologia de informação e comunicação via web para a promoção da alimentação saudável, mediante a facilitação do acesso à informação na internet. Buscou-se, mediante entrevistas, conhecer as concepções e identificar demandas e necessidades de informações e conhecimentos sobre o tema, dentre ONGs que trabalham com saúde; e ainda, mapear informações e conhecimentos acerca da alimentação saudável na web, em sítios nacionais. A partir dos resultados, elaboraram-se mapas conceituais, colocados em diálogo mediado pelos pesquisadores, com os saberes dos especialistas. Descreve-se a metodologia utilizada para construir os mapas de navegação orientados por mapas conceituais e discutem-se os desafios da gestão e do acesso à informação e ao conhecimento em saúde na internet. Destaca-se o potencial para deslocar o modelo da oferta de informação para o de construção compartilhada do conhecimento mediada por tecnologias de informação e comunicação.

We present and discuss the results of a survey that aimed of develop an information and communication technology in the web in order to promote healthy nutrition, by facilitating access to information on the internet. We sought through interviews, knowing the concepts and identifying demands and needs for information and knowledge on the subject, among NGO's working with health. Besides, mapping information and knowledge about the healthy eating on the web at national sites. From the results, concept maps were prepared, placed in dialogue, mediated by researchers with the knowledge of experts. The paper also describes the methodology used to build navigation maps oriented by concept maps and discusses the challenges of management and access to health information and knowledge on the internet. We highlight the potential to shift the model of supply information for the shared construction of knowledge mediated by information and communication technologies.

[Sanitary control of alcohol advertisement in Brazil: a study of the law bills from 1988 to 2004]. / Controle sanitário da propaganda de bebidas alcoólicas no Brasil: estudo dos projetos de lei de 1988 a 2004.

This study analyses law bills towards the sanitary control of alcohol advertisement in the mass media presented to the Brazilian Congress from 1988 to 2004. The sanitary control of this advertising is a controversial issue bringing about an ethical-political debate in which the health-protecting interests conflict with commercial ones even after scientific evidence has established increasing alcohol intake as a health and social issue worldwide. The content analysis of 67 of such law bills was carried out, and these proposals were shown to consist mostly of strategies to both cope with alcohol advertising by dissociating from the product those values that might interfere with the children and teenagers' building of their social identity and limit advertisement contents in the mass media given the higher vulnerability of the subjects in that age range. This study reveals complexes challenges for the control of alcohol advertisement that in turn lead to rethinking the action of the State apparatus in dealing with this major public health issue.

Controle sanitário da propaganda de bebidas alcoólicas no Brasil: estudo dos projetos de lei de 1988 a 2004 / Sanitary control of alcohol advertisement in Brazil: a study of the law bills from 1988 to 2004

Este estudo analisa as propostas de projetos de lei para o controle sanitário da propaganda de bebidas alcoólicas nos meios de comunicação de massa, apresentados ao Congresso Nacional entre 1988 e 2004. Inserido em um debate de natureza ético-política, o controle sanitário dessa propaganda é uma questão controversa, pois os interesses pela proteção da saúde se confrontam com os interesses comerciais mesmo ante as evidências científicas de que o consumo crescente de álcool é um problema social e de saúde no mundo contemporâneo. Realizou-se a análise de conteúdo de 67 documentos, na qual se mostra que as propostas formuladas, majoritariamente, apresentam-se como estratégias de enfrentamento a essa propaganda, procurando desvincular valores associados ao produto que interferem na construção da identidade social de crianças e adolescentes e limitar o conteúdo das mensagens veiculadas nos meios de comunicação de massa, dado que este segmento está mais vulnerável. O estudo evidencia complexos desafios para o controle da propaganda, que implicam repensar a própria atuação do Estado ante esse relevante problema de Saúde Pública.

This study analyses law bills towards the sanitary control of alcohol advertisement in the mass media presented to the Brazilian Congress from 1988 to 2004. The sanitary control of this advertising is a controversial issue bringing about an ethical-political debate in which the health-protecting interests conflict with commercial ones even after scientific evidence has established increasing alcohol intake as a health and social issue worldwide. The content analysis of 67 of such law bills was carried out, and these proposals were shown to consist mostly of strategies to both cope with alcohol advertising by dissociating from the product those values that might interfere with the children and teenagers' building of their social identity and limit advertisement contents in the mass media given the higher vulnerability of the subjects in that age range. This study reveals complexes challenges for the control of alcohol advertisement that in turn lead to rethinking the action of the State apparatus in dealing with this major public health issue.

Balón intragástrico: una alternativa endoscópica en el tratamiento de la obesidad / Intragastric balloon: an endoscopic alternative in the treatment of obesity

El balón intragástrico bioenteric (BIB) es un procedimiento endoscópico, no quirúrgico indicado para el tratamiento temporal de la obesidad, que favorece la disminución de la capacidad gástrica, ocupando gran parte del fundus. Analizar la eficacia a corto plazo, seguridad y tolerabilidad del balón intragástrico en el tratamiento de la obesidad. Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y longitudinal, de abril 2005 hasta abril 2009, 141 pacientes, 121 mujeres, 20 hombres, 5 fueron segundo balón, 4 mujeres y 1 hombre, con un total de 146 balones colocados; con edad promedio de 37.2 en mujeres y 35,23 en hombres, con un rango desde 16 hasta 69 años y un tiempo promedio de duración del balón 6,94 meses. El peso promedio al inicio fue de 96.34 y al final de 82.01 kg, con una diferencia de 14.33 kg. En cuanto al Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), el cambio observado fue un grado de diferencia, pasando de obesidad grado II a obesidad grado I. El valor promedio al inicio fue de 36.37 kg/m2 y al final 30.95 kg/m2. El promedio de grasa al inicio 40,97 Kg (42.55%) y al final 30.82 kg (36.63%). La co-morbilidad más frecuente fue: hiperinsulinismo 67(45.89%) dislipidemia 37(25.34%), hipertensión arterial 19 (13.01%). No hubo complicaciones severas. El BIB es un método endoscópico seguro y eficaz en el tratamiento de la obesidad...

The bioenterics intragastric balloon (BIB) is a non-surgical endoscopic procedure indicated for the temporary treatment of obesity, which subserves the reduction of gastric capacity, occupying most of the fundus. To analyze the short-term effi ciency, safety and tolerability of the intragastric balloon in the treatment of obesity. Retrospective, descriptive and longitudinal study, from April, 2005 to April, 2009. 141 patients, 121 women, 20 men; 146 BIB, 5 were second BIB, 4 women and 1 man; with an average age of 37.2 forwomen and 35,23 formen, with a range from 16-69 years and an average period of 6.94 months duration of the balloon. The average weight at the beginning was 96.34 kg and at the end 82.01 kg, with a difference of 14.33 kg. As for the Body mass index (BMI), the observed change was a 1 degree difference, passing from obesity degree II to obesity degree I. The average value at the beginning was 36.37 kg/m2 and at the end 30.95 kg/m2. The average of body fat at the beginning was 40,97 Kg (42.55%) and at the end of our study was 30.82 kg (36.63%). The most frequent comorbidity was: hyperinsulinism 67 (46.89%), dyslipidemia 37 (25.34%), hypertension 19 (13.01). There were no severe complications. BIB is a safe and effective endoscopic method in the treatment of obesity...