ABSTRACT
Eugenol has been employed for decades as a condiment, an antimycotic, an antibacterial, an antiviral, and an antioxidant, and it is one of the natural analgesics most frequently utilized for pain and inflammation. Our objective was to determine the analgesic/anti-inflammatory effect of eugenol compared with diclofenac, naproxen, and tramadol using the formalin test. The formalin method was used in 6- to 10-week-old Wistar rats (weighing 250 g each) divided into six groups: saline (0.9%); formalin (5%); diclofenac (250 µg/kg); naproxen (400 µg/kg); tramadol (500 µg/kg), and eugenol (1,400 µg/kg), in the intraplantar part of the hind-end trunk of the rats, with n = 5 per group. Eugenol diminished 44.4% of nociceptive behavior in phase 1 and 48% in phase 2 (p ≤0.05 vs formalin). Eugenol was shown to be 1.14 times more effective than diclofenac, but 1.62 and 1.75 times less effective than naproxen and tramadol, respectively, in phase 1 and 1.45 times less effective than diclofenac and naproxen and 1.66 less effective than tramadol in phase 2 (p ≤0.05). These data suggest that eugenol possesses moderate activity in the acute pain phase and greater activity in inflammatory-type pain, and both effects are comparable to those produced by diclofenac and are less than the effects produced by naproxen and tramadol in the formalin test
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Eugenol/adverse effects , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/analysis , Diclofenac/adverse effects , Tramadol/adverse effects , Pain Measurement/methods , Naproxen/adverse effectsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone) increases the action of insulin and produces the glycemic control in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Also, the pharmacological effect may be affected by the purity and pioglitazone plasma concentration. Therefore, the instrumental techniques offer a tool for characterization, identification and/or quantification of the pioglitazone; Raman spectroscopy offers several advantages due to its easy application methodology and structural analysis and the HPLC technique is the gold standard vs. other qualitative and quantitative techniques. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work is to develop and validate analytical techniques for the characterization of pioglitazone hydrochloride by Raman spectroscopy and quantitative analysis in human plasma by HPLC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The pioglitazone hydrochloride was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy with a 678 mW power and 3 integration time seconds. The analytical method for quantification by HPLC was validated with the guidelines of the NOM-177SSAl-1998. RESULTS: The Raman technique allowed us to elucidate the functional groups of the pioglitazone hydrochloride and the HPLC technique was linear, accurate, precise, specific and sensitive in the range of 30 to 2000 ng/mL under the chromatographic conditions specified. CONCLUSIONS: The structure analysis by Raman spectroscopy allowed us a complete characterization of the functional groups of pioglitazone hydrochloride effectively and non-destructively. Likewise, the analytical technique for the pioglitazone hydrochloride quantification by HPLC was linear, accurate, precise and sensitive in the range of 30 to 2000 ng/mL under the guidelines.
