ABSTRACT
Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) belonging to the genus Orthotospovirus is transmitted by its vector Thrips palmi. It is a tri-segmented RNA virus that consists of L, M, and S RNA segments. We analysed the secondary structure features of GBNV proteins through various software and predicted the transmembrane helix, glycosylation, and signal peptidase sites within the GBNV protein sequences (GN, GC, N, NSm, and NSs). In glycoprotein sequence, extended strands are predominant (52.87%) whereas the N protein sequence mostly contains alpha helices (47.46%). The random coils are present in movement protein (43.97%) and structural protein (39.41%). We generated the 3D structure of GN and N protein using SWISS MODEL software and quality is validated through PROCHECK and PDBsum software. We also expressed the GBNV proteins (GN, GC, N, NSm, and NSs) in bacterial expression system. The recombinant proteins were used to raise polyclonal antibodies in mice. Our study will be useful in understanding GBNV protein structures in further detail by analysing the important domains that interact with the thrips proteins. This will further aid us in understanding virus-vector relationship through the application of protein-protein interaction and other immunodiagnostic techniques.
ABSTRACT
In the present study, Chlamydomonas sp. MACC-216 was used to investigate total nitrate removal in TAP medium with sodium nitrate as the sole nitrogen source under several light conditions made up of permuted combinations of three light colors (referred to as blue, red, and white light) and three light intensities (50 µmol m-2 s-1, 100 µmol m-2 s-1, and 250 µmol m-2 s-1). It was observed that nitrate removal efficiency is influenced by light color as well as light intensity. Additionally, Chlamydomonas sp. MACC-216 was cultivated in synthetic wastewater under four light conditions, namely, Blue 250, Blue 125 + Red 125, Red 250, and White 250, where it showed the highest nitrate removal efficiency and nitrate reductase activity under the Blue 125 + Red 125 light condition. To observe the impact of light color on the nitrate removal capacity of Chlamydomonas sp. MACC-216, the expression of five genes participating in nitrate transport and reduction (NRT1, NRT2.1, NRT2.2, NIA, and MCP) was also analyzed; these genes showed the highest expression under the Blue 125 + Red 125 light condition. Based on the above-mentioned findings, the blue + red light combination emerged as a promising light combination for nitrate removal. Hence, our study suggests the importance of the blue + red light combination together with high light intensity, as the optimal light condition for nitrate removal from synthetic wastewater in comparison to other monochromatic lights with high light intensity.
Subject(s)
Chlamydomonas , Microalgae , Nitrates/metabolism , Wastewater , Microalgae/metabolism , Chlamydomonas/metabolism , LightABSTRACT
Eutrophication is a leading problem in water bodies all around the world in which nitrate is one of the major contributors. The present study was conducted to study the effects of various concentrations of nitrate on two eukaryotic green microalgae, Chlamydomonas sp. MACC-216 and Chlorella sp. MACC-360. For this purpose, both microalgae were grown in a modified tris-acetate-phosphate medium (TAP-M) with three different concentrations of sodium nitrate, i.e., 5 mM (TAP-M5), 10 mM (TAP-M10) and 15 mM (TAP-M15), for 6 days and it was observed that both microalgae were able to remove nitrate completely from the TAP-M5 medium. Total amount of pigments decreased with the increasing concentration of nitrate, whereas protein and carbohydrate contents remained unaffected. High nitrate concentration (15 mM) led to an increase in lipids in Chlamydomonas sp. MACC-216, but not in Chlorella sp. MACC-360. Furthermore, Chlamydomonas sp. MACC-216 and Chlorella sp. MACC-360 were cultivated for 6 days in synthetic wastewater (SWW) with varying concentrations of nitrate where both microalgae grew well and showed an adequate nitrate removal capacity.
