ABSTRACT
Four antigenically different dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4) are known to cause infections in humans. Some of these are known to cause more severe disease than the others. Chances for developing Dengue hemorrhagic fever-dengue shock syndrome (DHF-DSS) increases significantly with history of previous infection with one of the four serotypes. Therefore, early diagnosis, serotyping and providing early warning of dengue fever epidemics to concerned authorities becomes very important for better patient outcome and to curb the rapid spread in the community. During the 2014 outbreak, a total of 100 samples from suspected cases of dengue were collected. NS1 antigen based rapid test was used for serological diagnosis. Dengue complex one step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to look for presence of viral RNA. Single tube multiplex RT-PCR was also performed to look for infecting serotype. CDC Dengue Multiplex Real Time PCR assay was performed for rapid diagnosis and simultaneous serotyping of the dengue virus. Out of the 100 samples screened, 69 were found to be positive by NS1Ag Rapid test. 34 samples were found positive by dengue consensus RT-PCR assay. 22 samples were found to be positive by single tube Dengue multiplex RT-PCR assay. Serotype DEN-2 was present in maximum numbers followed by DEN-3. 44 samples were found positive by DENV CDC Multiplex Real time PCR assay. DEN-2 was found in maximum numbers followed by DEN-1. Dengue remains to be an important health problem in India and across the globe. Few serotypes of dengue are more dangerous than the others. Rapid diagnosis and serotyping remains the key for better patient management and prevention of disease spreading in the community. Highly sensitive, specific and rapid CDC real time RT-PCR assay was found to be most promising tool among all available molecular diagnostic methods. This will serve a rapid and reliable simultaneous dengue virus detection as well serotyping assay in near future for rapid identification of dengue suspected sample screening.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Established predictive biomarkers for Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC) include sensitizing Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) mutations and Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) fusion oncogene. The primary aim of the study is to ascertain the prevalence of EGFR mutation and ALK gene rearrangement in patients of lung adenocarcinoma in Indian population and the second objective is to impress upon the importance of adequate processing of limited tissue samples. METHODS: Histopathologically confirmed cases of lung adenocarcinoma, whose tumour had been tested for both EGFR and ALK gene mutations, were included in this study. The EGFR mutations were analyzed using PCR and Gene Sequencing. ALK fusion oncogene was found by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) technique using kit of Vysis LSI ALK Dual colour Break Apart Rearrangement probe. RESULTS: A total of 152 cases of lung adenocarcinoma were included. Out of which, 92 (60.5%) were male and 60 (39.5%) were female. After exclusion of 17 cases due to unsatisfactory result, EGFR mutations were found positive in 35.5% cases (48/135). ALK gene rearrangement was found in 7.6% (10/131) after excluding 21 cases with unsatisfactory result. CONCLUSION: EGFR mutations and ALK gene rearrangement was found to be mutually exclusive. Incidence of EGFR mutations (35.5%) is much higher in Indian population than in Caucasians (13%) and is close to the incidence in East Asian countries. The 7.6% incidence of ALK fusion oncogene in Indian patients establishes the importance of molecular studies to give maximum benefit of targeted therapy to the patients.
ABSTRACT
Chryseobacterium indologenes, a non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli distributed widely in nature, is an emerging nosocomial pathogen, inherently resistant to a wide range of antibiotics. There is limited number of C. indologenes infections reported from India. We report a case of C. indologenes associated pneumonia in a three-month-old infant with congenital heart disease. This case highlights the importance of prompt diagnostic workup and targeted antibiotic therapy for its effective management.
