ABSTRACT
One of the environmental pollution is happened by the discharge of industrial wastewater that needs to be adequately filtered. Given that the effluent from the leather industry contains high levels of chromium, heavy metals, lipids, and Sulphur, it is one of the wastewater disposals that are most damaging. This experimental study focuses on reverse osmosis and hybrid organic polyimide membrane for nanofiltration for sustainable wastewater treatment. In the RO and organic polyamide Nano-porous membranes, a thin film of polyamide membrane was used for efficient filtration. Taguchi analysis optimized process parameters such as pressure, temperature, pH, and volume reduction factor. The outcome shows an 89% reduction in total wastewater hardness, an 88% reduction in sulfate, and an 89% efficiency reduction in COD. As a result, the proposed technology significantly increased filtration efficiency.
Subject(s)
Wastewater , Water Purification , Nylons , Osmosis , Membranes, Artificial , Filtration , Waste Disposal, FluidABSTRACT
Deferiprone is used as a chelation agent in chronic iron overload in ß-thalassemia patients. Patients on deferiprone therapy show variable response to this drug in terms of reduction in iron overload as well as adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The pharmacogenetic studies on deferiprone have not carried out in patients with blood disorders in India. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the three most common nonsynonymous UGT1A6 polymorphisms Thr181Ala (541 A/G), Arg184Ser (552 A/C) and Ser7Ala (19 T/G) and therapeutic response to deferiprone in ß-thalassemia major patients. Two hundred and eighty six (286) ß-thalassemia major patients were involved in the study. Serum ferritin levels were estimated periodically to assess the status of the iron overload and the patients were grouped into responders and non-responders depending on the ferritin levels. The UGT1A6 2 polymorphisms were detected by PCR-RFLP methods. The association between the genotypes and outcome as well as ADRs was evaluated by Open EPI software. A significant difference was observed in the genotypic distribution of UGT1A6 2 Thr181Ala polymorphism in responders and non-responders. However, there was no difference in the genotypic distribution between patients with and without ADRs. As far as the UGT1A6 2 Arg184Ser polymorphism is concerned, no significant difference was observed between responders and non-responders. Further, evaluating the association of UGT1A6 2 Ser7Ala polymorphism with drug response, there was no significant difference in the genotypic distribution between responders and non-responders. However, there was a significant difference between responders with and without ADRs and non-responders with and without ADRs. In addition to this haplotype analysis was also carried out. However, we did not find any specific haplotype to be significantly associated with the deferiprone response in ß-thalassemia major patients.
Subject(s)
Glucuronosyltransferase/genetics , Iron Chelating Agents/therapeutic use , Mutation, Missense , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Pyridones/therapeutic use , beta-Thalassemia/drug therapy , beta-Thalassemia/genetics , Adolescent , Alanine/genetics , Amino Acid Substitution/genetics , Arginine/genetics , Child , Child, Preschool , Deferiprone , Female , Gene Frequency , Genetic Association Studies , Humans , Iron Chelating Agents/adverse effects , Iron Overload/epidemiology , Iron Overload/genetics , Iron Overload/prevention & control , Isoenzymes/genetics , Male , Mutation, Missense/physiology , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/physiology , Pyridones/adverse effects , Serine/genetics , Threonine/genetics , Treatment Outcome , beta-Thalassemia/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The surface free energy of a solid determines its surface and interfacial behavior in processes like wetting and adhesion which is crucial for silica aerogels in case of organic liquid absorption and transportation of chemicals at nano-scale for biotechnological applications. Here, we have demonstrated that the surface free energy of aerogels can be tuned in wide range from 5.5892 to 0.3073 mJ/m(2) by modifying their surface using TMCS and HMDZ silylating reagents. The alcogels were prepared by two step acid-base catalyzed process where the molar ratio of precursors Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS):Methanol (MeOH):Oxalic acid:NH(4)OH:NH(4)F was kept at optimal value of 1:2.7:0.18×10(-4):0.02:0.22×10(-3), respectively. To modify gel surfaces, TMCS and HMDZ concentration have been varied from 3% to 12% and such alcogels were dried at ambient pressure. It is observed from FTIR for aerogels that increase in concentration of silylating reagent resulted increase in hydrophobicity. This leads to increase in contact angle for water from 123° to 155° but leads to decrease in surface free energy from 5.5892 to 0.3073 mJ/m(2). As there is not direct method, we have used Neumann's equation of state to estimate surface energy of aerogels.
Subject(s)
Gels/chemistry , Organosilicon Compounds/chemistry , Silicon Dioxide/chemistry , Thermodynamics , Trimethylsilyl Compounds/chemistry , Ammonium Compounds , Ammonium Hydroxide , Fluorides/chemistry , Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions , Hydroxides/chemistry , Methanol/chemistry , Oxalic Acid/chemistry , Pressure , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry , Silanes/chemistry , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Surface Properties , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
The wetting of solid surfaces by water droplets is ubiquitous in our daily lives as well as in industrial processes. In the present research work, water repellent porous silica films are prepared on glass substrate at room temperature by sol-gel process. The coating sol was prepared by keeping the molar ratio of methyltriethoxysilane (MTES), methanol (MeOH), water (H(2)O) constant at 1:12.90:4.74, respectively, with 2M NH(4)OH throughout the experiments and the molar ratio (M) of MTES/Ph-TMS was varied from 0 to 0.22. A simple dip coating technique is adopted to coat silica films on the glass substrates. The static water contact angle as high as 164° and water sliding angle as low as 4° was obtained for silica film prepared from M=0.22. The surface morphological studies of the prepared silica film showed the porous structure with pore sizes typically ranging from 200nm to 1.3µm. The superhydrophobic silica films prepared from M=0.22 retained their superhydrophobicity up to a temperature of 285°C and above this temperature the films became superhydrophilic. The porous and water repellent silica films are prepared by proper alteration of the Ph-TMS in the coating solution. The prepared silica films were characterized by surface profilometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, humidity tests, chemical aging tests, static and dynamic water contact angle measurements.
Subject(s)
Coated Materials, Biocompatible/chemistry , Silicon Dioxide/chemistry , Water/chemistry , Coated Materials, Biocompatible/chemical synthesis , Gels/chemistry , Methanol/chemistry , Particle Size , Porosity , Silanes/chemistry , Surface PropertiesABSTRACT
The experimental results on the synthesis of flexible and superhydrophobic silica aerogels using methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) precursor by a two-step (acid-base) sol-gel process followed by the supercritical drying, are reported. The effects of various sol-gel parameters on the flexibility of the aerogels have been investigated. The aerogels of different densities were obtained by varying the molar ratio of MeOH/MTMS (S) from 14 to 35, with lower densities for larger S values. It has been observed that the Young's modulus (Y) decreased from 14.11 x 10(4) to 3.43 x 10(4) N/m(2) with the decrease in the density of the aerogels from 100 to 40 kg/m(3). Simultaneously, the aerogels are superhydrophobic with a contact angle as high as 164 degrees . The superhydrophobic aerogels are thermally stable up to a temperature of 530 K, above which they become hydrophilic. The aerogels have been characterized by bulk density, percentage volume shrinkage, and porosity measurements. The microstructures of the aerogels have been studied using the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Young's modulus of the aerogels has been determined by an uniaxial compression test. The variation of physical properties of the aerogels has been explained by taking into consideration the hydrolysis, condensation reactions, the resulting colloidal clusters and their network formation.
