ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of liver cirrhosis and is associated with poor survival. We studied the clinical profile and predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with cirrhosis of the liver with AKI. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study examined patients at a tertiary care hospital. AKI staging was done based on the new 2015 Ascites Club Criteria. Patients were grouped into three types of AKI: pre-renal azotemia (PRA), hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), and acute tubular necrosis (ATN). RESULTS: Data of 123 patients with cirrhosis and AKI were analyzed. Most patients had AKI stage 3 (57.7%). ATN (42.3%) and HRS (43.9) were the predominant types of AKI followed by PRA (13.8%). The overall in-hospital mortality in our study was 44.7%. The mortality increased with increasing severity of AKI (p = 0.0001) and was the highest in AKI stage 3 (p = 0.001) and those who required hemodialysis (p = 0.001). There was a significant in-hospital mortality in patients with ATN and HRS in comparison to PRA (p = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, the factors predicting in-hospital mortality were AKI stage 3, and oliguria (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Acute kidney injury in cirrhosis of liver carries high in-hospital mortality. Pre-renal AKI has a better survival compared to ATN and HRS. The higher stage of AKI at presentation and the presence of oliguria are two important predictors of in-hospital mortality.
Subject(s)
Acute Kidney Injury/etiology , Liver Cirrhosis/complications , Acute Kidney Injury/diagnosis , Acute Kidney Injury/mortality , Cohort Studies , Female , Forecasting , Hospital Mortality , Humans , Liver Cirrhosis/mortality , Male , Middle Aged , Oliguria , Retrospective Studies , Severity of Illness Index , Survival RateABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Hypertension in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. Patients with CKD can have clinically significant white coat effect (WCE), making routine clinic blood pressure (BP) measurements an unreliable indicator of actual BP control. Automated BP monitoring is useful in identifying WCE. The utility of automated BP monitoring has seldom been part of clinical practice in developing countries. AIM: The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence and determinants of WCE in adult patients with CKD in an outpatient setting using an automated BP device. MATERIALS AND METHOD: In this prospective observational study, patients with CKD attending the nephrology clinic over a period of 6 months (January 2016 to July 2016), who were suspected to have WCE by the treating physician, were assigned to measurement of BP by both the standardized manual BP recording by a single nephrologist and with automated machine as per a defined protocol. Clinical, demographic characters that would influence outcomes were also studied. RESULTS: Among 118 patients with CKD with suspected WCE, 57.6% showed WCE. The mean systolic and diastolic BPs were significantly lower with automated machine when compared with manual BP recordings in patients with WCE (p = 0.04). WCE was seen in all stages of CKD. Occurrence of WCE in CKD was not dependent on factors such as old age, sex, diabetes mellitus, or smoking status in our study. CONCLUSION: WCE is a highly prevalent and underdiagnosed entity in patients with CKD. Automated machine is a useful and time-saving tool in detection of WCE in patients with CKD attending the outpatient clinic and guide management.
