Surgical Management of Giant Prolactinomas: A Descriptive Study.

Introduction: Giant prolactinoma (GP) is a rare pituitary lactotropic cell tumor larger than 4 cm in its widest dimension, and is less likely than a smaller prolactinoma to achieve prolactin normalization on dopamine agonist (DA) monotherapy. There is a paucity of data on the circumstances and outcomes of second-line management of GP with surgery. Herein, our institution's experience with the surgical management of GPs is described. Methods: A single-center retrospective analysis was conducted of patients who underwent surgery for giant prolactinoma from 2003 to 2018. A chart review was conducted for demographic data, clinical features, laboratory and radiographic findings, operative and pathology reports, perioperative management, and clinical outcomes in follow-up. Descriptive statistics were used. Results: Of 79 prolactinoma cases, 8 patients had GP with a median age of 38 years (range 20-53), 75% (6/8) were male, with a median largest tumor dimension of 6 cm (range 4.6-7.7), and a median prolactin level of 2,500 µg/L (range 100->13,000). Six patients had transsphenoidal surgery for dopamine agonist (DA) resistance or intolerance. Two patients had a craniotomy for a missed diagnosis; one was due to the hook effect. No tumor resections were complete by either surgical approach; all had persistent hyperprolactinemia requiring postoperative DA therapy, and two patients had an additional craniotomy procedure for further tumor debulking. There was no recovery of pituitary axes and postoperative deficits were common. Remission as defined by prolactin normalization occurred in 63% (5/8) at a median time of 36 months (range 14-63 months) on DA therapy after surgery with a follow-up of 3-13 years. Conclusions: GPs infrequently require surgical resection, which is generally incomplete and requires adjuvant therapy. Given the rarity of surgery for GPs, multi-institutional or registry studies would yield clearer guidance on optimal management.

Paraganglioma in pregnancy, a mimic of preeclampsia: a case report.

BACKGROUND: The new presentation of pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma in pregnancy is very rare and can be life-threatening for mother and child. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 26-year-old gravida 3 para 2 otherwise healthy Caucasian woman at 34 weeks gestation who presented with new onset hypertension associated with headaches, dry heaves, diaphoresis, and palpitations. She was initially diagnosed with preeclampsia and treated with labetalol and an urgent cesarean section, delivering a healthy baby girl. The diagnosis of preeclampsia came into question when, 6 weeks postpartum, she continued to have hypertension with atypical features. Testing revealed metastatic paraganglioma associated with a succinate dehydrogenase B gene mutation. The patient was then started on alpha-adrenergic blockade and has had close blood pressure monitoring while discussion of advances therapies is ongoing. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates how paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma can be misdiagnosed as preeclampsia due to the overlapping features of new-onset hypertension late in pregnancy accompanied by headache and proteinuria. It is impractical to routinely screen for paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma in all pregnant patients diagnosed with preeclampsia due to the rarity of these tumors and the harm from high false-positive rates. Therefore, it is incumbent on the provider to have a high degree of suspicion for paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma when clinical features are unusual for preeclampsia, such as intermittent palpitations, diaphoresis, orthostatic hypotension, or hyperglycemia. Early detection of paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma with interventions to mitigate the risk of hypertensive crisis greatly reduce maternal and fetal mortality. Fortunately, our patient delivered a healthy baby and did not have any additional pregnancy complications despite the delay in her diagnosis.

The role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in managing type 2 diabetes.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, have cardioprotective and renoprotective effects, and do not cause weight gain or significant hypoglycemia. In fact, they have been found to be effective for weight loss in patients with obesity with and without diabetes. They are now the preferred drugs to add to the regimen when oral metformin by itself is not enough to meet the patient's hemoglobin A1c goal.

Biochemical assessment of adrenal insufficiency after adrenalectomy for non-cortisol secreting tumors: clinical correlation and recommendations.

BACKGROUND: Data regarding changes in cortisol axis after adrenalectomy for non-cortisol secreting tumors and their correlation with adrenal insufficiency are limited. Our aim was to analyze these changes and their clinical correlations to guide management after adrenalectomy for non-Cushing's tumors. METHODS: Following IRB approval, postoperative cortisol axis changes were analyzed in patients who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy for non-Cushing's tumors. A morning serum cortisol of ≥ 10 µg/dl was accepted as a sufficient adrenal response. RESULTS: 223 adrenalectomies were analyzed. In 63% of patients, POD1 serum cortisol was ≥ 10 µg/dl and in 37% < 10 µg/dl. No patient with a POD1 cortisol ≥ 10 µg/dl developed AI symptoms, whereas symptoms of AI were observed in 4% of those with < 10 µg/dl. In patients with a POD1 cortisol of < 10 µg/dl, the rate of steroid replacement therapy initiation was 100%, 8%, and 25% when the decision was based on serum cortisol, clinical symptoms, and serum cortisol plus ACTH stimulation test results, respectively. In 90% of asymptomatic patients, hypocortisolemia resolved uneventfully within a week on repeat morning cortisol testing. 75% of patients with hypocortisolemia on POD1 demonstrated an adequate cortisol response to ACTH stimulation test. CONCLUSION: Although postoperative hypocortisolemia was observed in 37% of patients undergoing unilateral adrenalectomy for non-cortisol secreting tumors, majority did not develop symptoms of adrenal insufficiency. All three steroid initiation approaches appeared safe, with management based on clinical symptoms or selective ACTH stimulation testing sparing more patients from steroids compared to steroid initiation based on POD 1 cortisol levels alone.

Misleading FT4 and FT3 Due to Immunoassay Interference From Autoantibodies.

BACKGROUND: Immunoassays used to measure total and free thyroxine (T4 and FT4) and total and free triiodothyronine (T3 and FT3) can provide inaccurate results due to interference from endogenous autoantibodies. CASE REPORT: A 74-year-old female treated for hypothyroidism with levothyroxine replacement had elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), FT4, and FT3. Due to concern for hyperthyroidism, levothyroxine was discontinued and further workup was initiated. A pituitary MRI revealed a microadenoma but the alpha-subunit was normal. She was given octreotide for suspected TSH secreting pituitary adenoma without improvement in her TSH, FT4, or FT3 levels. She was referred to our clinic, where inaccurate lab values for FT4 and FT3 were suspected. RESULTS: Testing via equilibrium dialysis liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method revealed lower levels of FT4 and FT3. Subsequent testing included heterophile blocking tube treatment, polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, and anti-T3/T4 autoantibody levels. The tests revealed thyroid hormone autoantibodies (THAAs) as the cause of immunoassay interference. CONCLUSIONS: When thyroid hormones are elevated and TSH is not suppressed, confirmatory testing with another method such as equilibrium dialysis LC-MS/MS, which is not susceptible to interference from autoantibodies, should be considered.

Use of SGLT-2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

Introduction: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are the newest class of oral antihyperglycemic medications approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Although they are not approved for use in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), SGLT2 inhibitors may help DM1 patients achieve their HbA1c goals by decreasing their insulin requirements, without inducing hypoglycemic episodes and weight gain. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 26 patients with DM1 treated with off-label SGLT-2 inhibitors. The primary objective was change in HbA1c and weight. The secondary objective was assessing the effect on insulin requirements, blood pressure, and lipid profile. Results: Improvement in HbA1c level was seen in 20 of the 26 patients (77%) after initiation of SGLT-2 inhibitors. The average decrease in HbA1c was 0.32% (P = .032), with changes seen as early as 1 month posttherapy and maintained with continued SGLT-2 inhibitor use. There was a trend toward weight loss that was not significant. No significant changes in blood pressure or lipid profiles were seen except for a slight increase in low-density lipoprotein (P = .049). No patient developed euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis. Three patients discontinued therapy due to uncontrolled genital yeast infections. Conclusion: SGLT-2 inhibitors can be a useful adjunctive therapy in patients with DM1 to improve glycemic control and weight. Although our study did not show any significant changes in the metabolic profile and insulin requirements in these patients, a larger sample size may yield different results.

Pounds of cure: chart weight as a measure of service intensity.

Intensity of hospital services is often estimated by length of stay (LOS). Increasing demands for documentation in the medical record suggested to us an alternate method: weighing the chart. In a retrospective study, we compared LOS and chart weight as predictors of actual hospital costs at a community teaching hospital. We reviewed a sample of 123 patients randomly chosen from the medical service and stratified by phase of the academic year. Both least-squares regression and a multiple sampling/validating technique were used to derive mean cost per ounce of chart and per day of stay. Costs estimated from weight were within 7% and from LOS within 14% of measured actual costs among patients not used to derive the formulae. We conclude that the intensity of paper documentation closely reflects actual costs; the same may be true of bytes or key-strokes for electronic records.

Assessing quality and efficiency of discharge summaries.

Discharge summaries are intended to transfer important clinical information from inpatient to outpatient settings and between hospital admissions. The authors created a point scale that rated summaries in 4 key areas and applied the scale at a community teaching hospital over 3 years. Charts of 150 patients were selected equally from those discharged early and late in the academic year. Residents dictated all summaries after July 2003 using a prominently displayed template. Two residents and a senior physician assessed dictation quality. Considerable differences were found among raters, particularly in the evaluation of style. The average of the 3 raters' scores improved 21%, and dictation length decreased 67% after introduction of the template (P < .001). No relationship was found among service intensity (measured as chart weight), dictation length (measured in lines), and quality. Measured by a comprehensive rating scale, the quality of discharge summaries increased with use of a template while their length decreased.