ABSTRACT
AIM: To study topography and variability in the origin of anterior interosseous nerve; to identify the branching pattern of the anterior interosseous nerve supplying the flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, and pronator quadratus muscles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study included 70 formalin-fixed upper limbs of adult human cadavers. The origin of the anterior interosseous nerve was categorized into 3 types. The morphometric data obtained in this study were represented as mean± SD and the dimensions were given in millimeter. The measurements were compared statistically by using 'EZR software, version 1.38, 2019'. The 'paired t-test' was applied and the 'p' value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: It was observed that the origin of the anterior interosseous nerve was extremely variable. It was ranging from the midepicondylar point of the elbow joint up to as below as 86mm from it. The distance of its origin from the midpoint of the pronator teres muscle ranged between 70 mm above the pronator teres muscle to 22 mm below it. In one of the forearms, the median nerve supplied the medial two tendons of the FDP, instead of the ulnar nerve. CONCLUSION: The present study provided additional information about the origin, topography, and distribution of the anterior interosseous nerve. The data will provide further insight into the causes of nerve compression syndromes. It will also help in planning the surgical approach into the distal humerus, elbow joint, and proximal ends of radius and ulna, without causing any nerve injury.
Subject(s)
Forearm/anatomy & histology , Forearm/innervation , Median Nerve/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Skeletal/innervation , Adult , Cadaver , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Forearm/pathology , Hand/innervation , Hand/pathology , Humans , Male , Median Nerve/pathology , Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , Nerve Compression Syndromes/pathology , Nerve Compression Syndromes/surgeryABSTRACT
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, which is commonly seen in older individuals. This is characterized by cognitive dysfunction, which leads to dementia. Pharmacological treatments for AD are mainly targeted on its symptoms like memory loss and cognitive impairment. The pathophysiology involved in AD is intra-neuronal accumulation of hyper-phosphorylated tau protein as neurofibrillary tangle and extra cellular beta amyloid plaque deposition, which is due to oxidative stress. Here we review the neuro-protective effects of Resveratrol (RSV) and its treatment efficacy in AD. RSV is a naturally available polyphenolic compound, which has antioxidant, anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties. RSV crosses blood brain barrier and exerts its antioxidant effect by enhancing the anti-oxidant enzymes. RSV is involved in Sirtuin (SIRT1) mediated lifespan extension activity. RSV has reduced glial activation and helped in increasing the hippocampal neurogenesis. RSV was able to decrease the expression of amyloid precursor protein, along with improvement of spatial working memory. Since RSV acts as an antioxidant, it can be safely used as oral drug.
