ABSTRACT
The purpose of this work was to describe changes in metabolic activity in the bones of young male competitive cyclists (CYC) as compared with age-matched controls (CON) over a one-year period of study. Eight adolescent male cyclists aged between fourteen and twenty, and eight age-matched controls participated in this longitudinal study. Serum osteocalcin (OC), amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP), beta-isomerized C-telopeptides (ß-CTx) and plasma 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], were investigated by an electrogenerated chemiluminescence immunoassay. Analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in formation and resorption markers between cyclists and controls. Within the groups, both CYC and CON showed decreased OC at -30% and -24%, respectively, and PINP where the figures were -28% and -30% respectively (all p < 0.05). However, only the CYC group showed a decrease in [25(OH)D], lower by 11% (p < 0.05). The similarity in the concentrations of markers in cyclists and controls seems to indicate that cycling does not modify the process of bone remodeling. The decrease in vitamin D in cyclists might be detrimental to their future bone health.
Subject(s)
Bicycling/physiology , Bone Remodeling , Bone Resorption , Bone and Bones/drug effects , Osteogenesis , Adolescent , Athletes , Biomarkers/blood , Bone Density , Bone and Bones/metabolism , Case-Control Studies , Collagen Type I/blood , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Osteocalcin/blood , Osteoporosis/blood , Peptide Fragments/blood , Procollagen/blood , Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives , Vitamin D/bloodABSTRACT
This study aimed to describe bone metabolic activity in adolescent competitive cyclists compared to age-matched controls. The main result is that younger subjects present a higher bone turnover than the older ones. Moreover, cyclists under the age of 17 have higher scores on all markers than age-matched controls. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe bone metabolic activity in adolescent competitive cyclists compared to age-matched controls. METHODS: Twenty-two male adolescent cyclists between 14 and 20 years (y) and 20 age-matched controls participated in this study. Serum osteocalcin (OC), aminoterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP), and ß-isomerized C-telopeptides (ß-CTX) were analyzed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA); plasma 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in bone metabolism markers and vitamin D between cyclists and controls. Cyclists over 17 y had a significantly lower concentration in bone formation and resorption biochemical markers compared to cyclists under 17 y (all P < 0.05). Moreover, controls over 17 y presented lower concentration for PINP (P < 0.05) compared to their peers under 17 y. Comparisons between cyclists and controls under 17 y revealed higher concentrations of OC and PINP (P < 0.05) in cyclists. Group interaction by age was found for OC, PINP, and ß-CTX (P < 0.01). Cyclists over 17 y had higher concentrations of [25(OH)D] (P < 0.05) than age-matched controls. CONCLUSIONS: The present results support the idea that cycling during adolescence may be associated to a decrease in bone turnover that may affect bone health later in life.
Subject(s)
Bicycling , Bone Remodeling , Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Biomarkers , Bone and Bones , Case-Control Studies , Collagen Type I , Female , Humans , Male , Osteocalcin , Vitamin D/blood , Vitamins , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Physical exercise is beneficial for the prevention of osteoporosis. Bone metabolism markers are the main indicators of metabolic balance and may indicate early risk in bone tissue. AIM: This systematic review aims to summarize and update present knowledge about bone metabolism markers in child and adolescent athletes. METHOD: Literature search was conducted up to March 2017 in PubMed and Sport Discus. A total of 19 studies (case-control, longitudinal and randomized control trials) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. RESULTS: In females, bone remodeling decreases with age independently of sport practiced. Athletes with amenorrhea had lower levels of both markers of bone turnover than control subjects. High-impact sports present higher biomarkers in females. A brief period of training have positive effects in bone formation markers in adolescent males. CONCLUSIONS: The age, sex type of exercise and sport, and performance level of the subjects can deeply affect bone metabolism markers during adolescence. More studies are needed to establish common criteria for metabolic response to physical exercise in these stages.
Subject(s)
Athletes , Bone and Bones/metabolism , Adolescent , Child , Exercise , Female , Humans , Male , Sex CharacteristicsABSTRACT
Introducción: la práctica de ejercicio físico resulta beneficiosa para la prevención de la osteoporosis. Los marcadores metabólicos del hueso se consideran los principales indicadores para conocer el estado de equilibrio o desequilibrio metabólico, pudiendo mostrar de forma temprana riesgos en el tejido óseo. Objetivo: resumir y actualizar el conocimiento que existe sobre los marcadores de metabolismo óseo en niños y adolescentes deportistas. Método: se ha realizado una revisión sistemática, consultando las publicaciones hasta marzo de 2017, en las bases de datos PubMed y Sport Discus. Se han incluido 19 artículos (caso-control, longitudinales y ensayos controlados aleatorizados) que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: en las chicas se produce con la edad una disminución de los marcadores metabólicos, independientemente del deporte practicado. Se observa un menor remodelado óseo en atletas amenorreicas frente a grupo control. En el sexo femenino, los deportes de impacto presentan un mayor efecto en el remodelado óseo. En los chicos, los programas de entrenamiento de corta duración producen efectos positivos sobre los marcadores de formación del hueso. Conclusiones: la edad, el sexo, el nivel de rendimiento físico, el tipo de ejercicio físico y el número de horas de práctica son las variables que parecen influir en el metabolismo óseo durante la adolescencia. Debido a los escasos estudios existentes orientados a analizar estos cambios, resulta difícil establecer unos criterios comunes de respuesta del metabolismo óseo a la práctica deportiva en estas edades (AU)
Background: Physical exercise is beneficial for the prevention of osteoporosis. Bone metabolism markers are the main indicators of metabolic balance and may indicate early risk in bone tissue. Aim: This systematic review aims to summarize and update present knowledge about bone metabolism markers in child and adolescent athletes. Method: Literature search was conducted up to March 2017 in PubMed and Sport Discus. A total of 19 studies (case-control, longitudinal and randomized control trials) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Results: In females, bone remodeling decreases with age independently of sport practiced. Athletes with amenorrhea had lower levels of both markers of bone turnover than control subjects. High-impact sports present higher biomarkers in females. A brief period of training have positive effects in bone formation markers in adolescent males. Conclusions: The age, sex type of exercise and sport, and performance level of the subjects can deeply affect bone metabolism markers during adolescence. More studies are needed to establish common criteria for metabolic response to physical exercise in these stages (AU)
