Phylogenetic analyses of Chlamydia psittaci ompA gene sequences from captive blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva) with hepatic disease in Brazil.

Chlamydia psittaci was detected in 152 (72%) blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva, parrot from the Psittacidae family) out of a population of 212 that died during 2009-2011 in a wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centre in Minas Gerais, Brazil, following rescue from illegal wildlife trafficking. The macroscopic changes observed in these animals were hepatomegaly with multifocal white foci visible at the serosal surfaces of the liver, and extending into the parenchyma, and splenomegaly. The microscopic lesions observed in the liver included multifocal to coalescing miliary necrosis of hepatocytes with infiltration by heterophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells. In the spleen, loss of the normal architecture and infiltration by macrophages and plasma cells were observed. Stained tissue sections (Gimenez technique) revealed small round clusters suggestive of C. psittaci (reticulate bodies) in the cytoplasm of macrophages from the liver and spleen. Nine sequences of segments of the ompA gene, obtained from different individuals, were randomly selected for sequencing. The phylogenetic analyses showed that all strains clustered with genotype A, which is the most virulent genotype for birds. This genotype is involved in mortality of psittacines, is easily transmitted in captivity and represents a problem for successful rehabilitation. The results indicate the necessity to improve biosecurity in triage and to provide individual personal protection for professionals and caretakers.

Chlamydia psittaci a été détectée chez 152 (72 %) amazones à front bleu (Amazona aestiva, perroquet de la famille des Psittacidés) sur un total de 212 individus rescapés du trafic illégal et décédés en 2009 et 2011 dans un centre de sauvetage et de réhabilitation de la faune sauvage à Minas Gerais (Brésil). Les modifications macroscopiques observées sur ces oiseaux étaient une hépatomégalie avec des foyers blancs multifocaux visibles sur les surfaces séreuses du foie et s'étendant dans le parenchyme, et une splénomégalie. Les lésions microscopiques observées dans le foie comprenaient une nécrose miliaire multifocale à coalescente des hépatocytes avec infiltration d'hétérophiles, de lymphocytes et de plasmocytes. Dans la rate, une perte de l'architecture normale et l'infiltration de macrophages et de plasmocytes ont été observées. La coloration de coupes de tissus (technique de Gimenez) a révélé de petites grappes rondes évoquant C. psittaci (corps réticulés) dans le cytoplasme des macrophages du foie et de la rate. Neuf produits segmentés d'une partie du gène ompA, obtenus de différents individus, ont été sélectionnés de manière aléatoire pour le séquençage. Les analyses phylogénétiques ont montré que toutes les souches se regroupaient dans le génotype A, qui est le plus virulent pour les oiseaux. Ce génotype est responsable de cas de mortalité chez les psittacidés et se transmet facilement en captivité, ce qui représente un risque pour la réussite des opérations de réhabilitation. Au vu de ces résultats, les auteurs soulignent la nécessité d'améliorer la biosécurité lors du tri des animaux dans les centres de soins et de fournir une protection individuelle aux professionnels et aux gardiens.

Se detectó Chlamydia psittaci en 152 (72%) amazonas frentiazules (Amazona aestiva, loro de la familia Psittacidae) de un total de 212 que murieron durante 2009­2011 en un centro de rescate y rehabilitación de fauna silvestre de Minas Gerais, Brasil, tras haber sido rescatadas del tráfico ilegal. Los cambios macroscópicos que se observaron en estos animales fueron hepatomegalia con focos blancos multifocales visibles en las superficies serosas del hígado y que se extendían hacia el parénquima, y esplenomegalia. Las lesiones microscópicas observadas en el hígado consistieron en necrosis miliar multifocal a coalescente de hepatocitos con infiltración de heterófilos, linfocitos y células plasmáticas. En el bazo, se observó pérdida de la arquitectura normal y infiltración de macrófagos y células plasmáticas. Cortes de tejido teñidos (con la técnica de Giménez) revelaron pequeños racimos redondos que sugerían la presencia de C. psittaci (cuerpos reticulados) en el citoplasma de macrófagos del hígado y del bazo. A partir de distintos individuos, se escogieron aleatoriamente nueve segmentos del gen ompA para ser secuenciados. Los análisis filogenéticos mostraron que todas las cepas correspondían al genotipo A, que es el más virulento para las aves. Este genotipo está involucrado en la mortalidad de psitácidas, se transmite fácilmente en cautiverio y supone un riesgo para el éxito de la rehabilitación. Los resultados indican la necesidad de mejorar la bioseguridad en el triaje y de procurar protección personal individual a profesionales y cuidadores.

Intersectoral action for health: preventing psittacosis spread after one reported case

Zoonotic diseases are a significant health threat for humans and animals. To better understand the epidemiology, etiology, and pathology of infectious agents affecting humans and animals combined approaches are needed. Here we describe an epidemiological investigation conducted by physicians and veterinarians after a reported case of psittacosis. Upon admission suffering from respiratory distress syndrome in a hospital and with a history of bird contact, a female patient was serologically diagnosed with psittacosis. After the case notification, veterinarians were able to investigate the source of infection by detecting Chlamydia psittaci in her pet cockatiel. The bird was hospitalized and successfully treated. In addition, the establishment where the pet bird was purchased was traced and through molecular techniques other birds intended to be sold as pets tested positive for C. psittaci. As a result, sanitary measures were applied and the establishment then was closed down. The birds intended for the pet commerce were treated and retested with negative molecular results for C. psittaci, thus avoiding disease propagation. Reliable data about zoonotic diseases can only be generated through the application of multidisciplinary approaches which take into account the epidemiological factors and interactions of humans, animals and their environments as an integrated system

Intersectoral action for health: preventing psittacosis spread after one reported case.

Zoonotic diseases are a significant health threat for humans and animals. To better understand the epidemiology, etiology, and pathology of infectious agents affecting humans and animals combined approaches are needed. Here we describe an epidemiological investigation conducted by physicians and veterinarians after a reported case of psittacosis. Upon admission suffering from respiratory distress syndrome in a hospital and with a history of bird contact, a female patient was serologically diagnosed with psittacosis. After the case notification, veterinarians were able to investigate the source of infection by detecting Chlamydia psittaci in her pet cockatiel. The bird was hospitalized and successfully treated. In addition, the establishment where the pet bird was purchased was traced and through molecular techniques other birds intended to be sold as pets tested positive for C. psittaci. As a result, sanitary measures were applied and the establishment then was closed down. The birds intended for the pet commerce were treated and retested with negative molecular results for C. psittaci, thus avoiding disease propagation. Reliable data about zoonotic diseases can only be generated through the application of multidisciplinary approaches which take into account the epidemiological factors and interactions of humans, animals and their environments as an integrated system.

Screening of feral pigeons (columba livia) for pathogens of veterinary and medical importance

Pathogens of veterinary and medical importance were investigated in 240 feral pigeons (Columba livia) captured in warehouses in São Paulo State, Brazil for one year. Rapid serum agglutination test (RST) was performed for the detection of antibodies against Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Salmonella Pullorum/Gallinarum. Positive samples were submitted to hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and tube seroagglutination tests, respectively. Molecular techniques (RT-PCR and PCR) were performed for Newcastle Diseases Virus (NDV) and Chlamydia psittaci diagnosis. Additionally, HI test was applied to detect antibodies against NDV. Serological results by RST were 3.3% positive for M. synoviae, 2.5% for M. gallisepticum, and 0.4% for S. Pullorum/Gallinarum, all negative on the confirmatory tests performed. NDV RNA or antibodies were not detected. C. psittaci DNA was detected in 13% of the samples. Further research on pigeon health status should be conducted because this species is highly adaptable and their numbers are rapidly rising around the world, posing risks for animals and human beings.

Screening of feral pigeons (columba livia) for pathogens of veterinary and medical importance

Pathogens of veterinary and medical importance were investigated in 240 feral pigeons (Columba livia) captured in warehouses in São Paulo State, Brazil for one year. Rapid serum agglutination test (RST) was performed for the detection of antibodies against Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Salmonella Pullorum/Gallinarum. Positive samples were submitted to hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and tube seroagglutination tests, respectively. Molecular techniques (RT-PCR and PCR) were performed for Newcastle Diseases Virus (NDV) and Chlamydia psittaci diagnosis. Additionally, HI test was applied to detect antibodies against NDV. Serological results by RST were 3.3% positive for M. synoviae, 2.5% for M. gallisepticum, and 0.4% for S. Pullorum/Gallinarum, all negative on the confirmatory tests performed. NDV RNA or antibodies were not detected. C. psittaci DNA was detected in 13% of the samples. Further research on pigeon health status should be conducted because this species is highly adaptable and their numbers are rapidly rising around the world, posing risks for animals and human beings.(AU)

Ocorrência de Chlamydophila psittaci em pombos (Columba livia) na cidade de Salvador, Bahia / Occurrence of the pigeon Chlamydophila psittaci in pigeons (Columba livia) within the city of Salvador, Bahia

A existência de populações numerosas de pombos (Columba livia) em centros urbanos, em quase todo o mundo, tem se tornado um risco à saúde pública em vista das zoonoses que podem transmitir. A infecção por Chlamydophila psittaci foi avaliada em pombos que frequentam áreas públicas, como praças, ruas e pontos turísticos na cidade de Salvador, Bahia, por meio da PCR em amostras de fezes frescas, suabes cloacais e orofaríngeos. O estudo revelou uma frequência de infecção por C. psittaci de 11,7% (16/137) dos pombos, e oito dos 10 locais pesquisados apresentavam aves infectadas. A detecção de C. psittaci em amostras de cloaca e orofaringe foi maior (15,8% - 3/19) que em amostras de fezes frescas (11% - 13/118). Os resultados demonstram a ocorrência de infecção por C. psittaci em pombos que habitam as áreas públicas da cidade de Salvador e apontam para a necessária elaboração de medidas de controle e monitoramento das populações de pombos urbanos, bem como de ações voltadas à conscientização da sociedade sobre os riscos à saúde pública.

The existence of numerous pigeon (Columba livia) populations in urban centers, in most of the world, has become a public-health risk given the zoonoses they can transmit. Infection with Chlamydophila psittaci was evaluated in pigeons that frequent public areas, such as squares, streets and tourist sites in the city of Salvador, through PCR from fresh feces samples, cloacal swabs and oropharyngeals. The study revealed a frequency of infection with C. psittaci of 11.7% (16/137) in pigeons, and infected birds were found in eight of the ten locales researched. The detection of C. psittaci in samples of cloaca and oropharyngs was greater (15.8% - 3/19) than in the samples of fresh feces (11% - 13/118). The results show the occurrence of infection with C. psittaciem in pigeons that live in public areas in the city of Salvador and points to the necessity of elaborating control and monitoring measures for the populations of urban pigeons as well as developing actions that will raise society´s awareness of these risks to public health.

Ocorrência de Chlamydophila psittaci em pombos (Columba livia) na cidade de Salvador, Bahia / Occurrence of the pigeon Chlamydophila psittaci in pigeons (Columba livia) within the city of Salvador, Bahia

A existência de populações numerosas de pombos (Columba livia) em centros urbanos, em quase todo o mundo, tem se tornado um risco à saúde pública em vista das zoonoses que podem transmitir. A infecção por Chlamydophila psittaci foi avaliada em pombos que frequentam áreas públicas, como praças, ruas e pontos turísticos na cidade de Salvador, Bahia, por meio da PCR em amostras de fezes frescas, suabes cloacais e orofaríngeos. O estudo revelou uma frequência de infecção por C. psittaci de 11,7% (16/137) dos pombos, e oito dos 10 locais pesquisados apresentavam aves infectadas. A detecção de C. psittaci em amostras de cloaca e orofaringe foi maior (15,8% - 3/19) que em amostras de fezes frescas (11% - 13/118). Os resultados demonstram a ocorrência de infecção por C. psittaci em pombos que habitam as áreas públicas da cidade de Salvador e apontam para a necessária elaboração de medidas de controle e monitoramento das populações de pombos urbanos, bem como de ações voltadas à conscientização da sociedade sobre os riscos à saúde pública(AU)

The existence of numerous pigeon (Columba livia) populations in urban centers, in most of the world, has become a public-health risk given the zoonoses they can transmit. Infection with Chlamydophila psittaci was evaluated in pigeons that frequent public areas, such as squares, streets and tourist sites in the city of Salvador, through PCR from fresh feces samples, cloacal swabs and oropharyngeals. The study revealed a frequency of infection with C. psittaci of 11.7% (16/137) in pigeons, and infected birds were found in eight of the ten locales researched. The detection of C. psittaci in samples of cloaca and oropharyngs was greater (15.8% - 3/19) than in the samples of fresh feces (11% - 13/118). The results show the occurrence of infection with C. psittaciem in pigeons that live in public areas in the city of Salvador and points to the necessity of elaborating control and monitoring measures for the populations of urban pigeons as well as developing actions that will raise society´s awareness of these risks to public health(AU)

Risk factors associated with Chlamydia psittaci infection in psittacine birds.

Chlamydia psittaci is the aetiological agent of chlamydiosis in birds, especially Psittaciformes. The objective of the present study was to detect C. psittaci by means of semi-nested PCR among psittacine birds sold at pet markets and kept as pet birds in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Questionnaires were used to identify risk factors involved in the epidemiology of the disease. In addition, the management of birds and cages was observed at each location studied. The frequency of C. psittaci infection was 10.6% (33/311) in the psittacine birds studied. Birds kept in households were less frequently positive (3.4%; 5/148) than those at pet markets (17.2%; 28/163). Among the several factors analysed in the epidemiology of the disease, only population density (P = 0.001) and cage hygiene (P = 0.041) in birds at pet markets were significantly associated with C. psittaci infection. These results demonstrate the presence of C. psittaci infection in Psittaciformes kept as pets and held at pet markets in Salvador, Bahia, showing that this micro-organism is a public health concern. Control measures should be encouraged to prevent the spread of the agent among birds, as well as among employees and customers.

Seroprevalence of antibodies to Chlamydophila psittaci in zoo workers in Brazil.

To evaluate the prevalence of antibodies to Chlamydophila psittaci 364 serum samples were collected from veterinarians, biologists, animal scientists, veterinary students, animal keepers and others employees in 20 zoos, and from veterinary practitioners in 10 Brazilian states. Subjects ranged from 15 to 64 years of age, with 268 (74%) males and 96 (26%) females. Chlamydial antibodies were determined by the complement fixation test (CFT) and specific anti-C. psittaci IgG antibodies were determined by the microimmunoflurescence (MIF) test. Complement fixation test showed 23.9% (87/364) and MIF test showed 4.7% (17/364) positive serum samples. Titres ranged from 16 to 256 in both assays, demonstrating evidence of recent or current infection. Although chlamydial antibodies were detected in workers of seventeen zoos, MIF test only detected specific C. psittaci antibodies in seven of them. Previous psittacosis infection was suspected in eight workers of two zoos, five of whom reported having pneumonia, while employed at the zoos. However, diagnosis was not established in any of these cases in the past. Results indicated the occurrence of infection and previous contact of Brazilian zoo workers with C. psittaci, as well as the zoonotic potential of psittacosis in this risk population. Other studies are necessary to evaluate the risk factors of infection in this population. This seroepidemiological survey confirmed the need to adopt preventive measures to control avian chlamydiosis and protect the health of zoo workers in the country.

Occurrence of Contracaecum pelagicum Johnston & Mawson 1942 (Nematoda, Anisakidae) in Sula leucogaster Boddaert 1783 (Pelecaniformes, Sulidae) / Ocorrência de Contracaecum pelagicum Johnston & Mawson 1942 (Nematoda, Anisakidae) em Sula leucogaster Boddaert 1783 (Pelecaniformes, Sulidae)

Relata-se a ocorrência de Contracaecum pelagicum Johnston & Mawson 1942 (Nematoda, Anisakidae) em um novo hospedeiro, Sula leucogaster Boddaert 1783 (Pelecaniformes, Sulidae), espécie conhecida como atobá. Três machos e três fêmeas dessa espécie de nematódeo foram coletados no regurgito da ave. Pela análise morfológica conclui-se que C. pelagicum era a espécie envolvida no parasitismo. Este é o primeiro relato sobre a ocorrência de nematódeos do gênero Contracaecum em S. leucogaster.(AU)

Occurrence of Contracaecum pelagicum Johnston & Mawson 1942 (Nematoda, Anisakidae) in Sula leucogaster Boddaert 1783 (Pelecaniformes, Sulidae)

Relata-se a ocorrência de Contracaecum pelagicum Johnston & Mawson 1942 (Nematoda, Anisakidae) em um novo hospedeiro, Sula leucogaster Boddaert 1783 (Pelecaniformes, Sulidae), espécie conhecida como atobá. Três machos e três fêmeas dessa espécie de nematódeo foram coletados no regurgito da ave. Pela análise morfológica conclui-se que C. pelagicum era a espécie envolvida no parasitismo. Este é o primeiro relato sobre a ocorrência de nematódeos do gênero Contracaecum em S. leucogaster.

Cryptococcosis outbreak in psittacine birds in Brazil.

An outbreak of cryptococcosis occurred in a breeding aviary in São Paulo, Brazil. Seven psittacine birds (of species Charmosyna papou, Lorius lory, Trichoglossus goldiei, Psittacula krameri and Psittacus erithacus) died of disseminated cryptococcosis. Incoordination, progressive paralysis and difficulty in flying were seen in five birds, whereas superficial lesions coincident with respiratory alterations were seen in two birds. Encapsulated yeasts suggestive of Cryptococcus sp. were seen in faecal smears stained with India ink in two cases. Histological examination of the birds showed cryptococcal cells in various tissues, including the beak, choana, sinus, lungs, air sacs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, intestines and central nervous system. High titres of cryptococcal antigen were observed in the serum of an affected bird. In this case, titres increased during treatment and the bird eventually died. Yeasts were isolated from the nasal mass, faeces and liver of one bird. Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii serovar B was identified based on biochemical, physiological and serological tests. These strains were resistant (minimum inhibitory concentration 64 microg/ml) to fluconazole. This is the first report of C. neoformans var. gattii occurring in psittacine birds in Brazil.

Sexagem cirúrgica em aves silvestres / Surgical sexing in birds

Relata-se a utilização da laparoscopia na sexagem de 349 aves silvestres nacionais e exóticas, pertencentes a 61 espécies, de 11 famílias e seis ordens. Foram sexadas aves com idades entre quatro meses e 42 anos e peso corpóreo entre 55g e 3,4kg. Com essa técnica foi possível visualizar as gônadas, avaliar seu estágio de desenvolvimento e observar os órgãos adjacentes. A técnica cirúrgica utilizando endoscópio rígido para sexagem de aves silvestres foi considerada rápida e segura. Nenhum óbito foi verificado durante ou em conseqüência do procedimento cirúrgico. (AU)

The laparoscopy was used for sexing 349 Brazilian and exotic birds, belonging to 61 species, of 11 families and six orders. The age of the birds ranged from four months to 42 years and the body weight from 55g to 3.4kg. With this technique it was possible to visualize the gonads, evaluate their development and observe the adjacent organs. The surgical technique using a rigid endoscope for determination of sex was considered fast and safe. No death during or as a consequence of the surgical procedure was observed.(AU)

Sexagem cirúrgica em aves silvestres / Surgical sexing in birds

Relata-se a utilização da laparoscopia na sexagem de 349 aves silvestres nacionais e exóticas, pertencentes a 61 espécies, de 11 famílias e seis ordens. Foram sexadas aves com idades entre quatro meses e 42 anos e peso corpóreo entre 55g e 3,4kg. Com essa técnica foi possível visualizar as gônadas, avaliar seu estágio de desenvolvimento e observar os órgãos adjacentes. A técnica cirúrgica utilizando endoscópio rígido para sexagem de aves silvestres foi considerada rápida e segura. Nenhum óbito foi verificado durante ou em conseqüência do procedimento cirúrgico.