ABSTRACT
In this article we describe the application of structural biology methods to the discovery of novel potent inhibitors of methionine aminopeptidases. These enzymes are employed by the cells to cleave the N-terminal methionine from nascent peptides and proteins. As this is one of the critical steps in protein maturation, it is very likely that inhibitors of these enzymes may prove useful as novel antibacterial agents. Involvement of crystallography at the very early stages of the inhibitor design process resulted in serendipitous discovery of a new inhibitor class, the pyrazole-diamines. Atomic-resolution structures of several inhibitors bound to the enzyme illuminate a new mode of inhibitor binding.
Subject(s)
Bacteria/enzymology , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Aminopeptidases/chemistry , Aminopeptidases/isolation & purification , Bacteria/drug effects , Bacterial Proteins/pharmacology , Crystallization , Crystallography, X-Ray , Kinetics , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Methionyl Aminopeptidases , Models, Molecular , Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Conformation , Quantum TheoryABSTRACT
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play roles in many biological processes and are considered to be important targets for drug discovery. As inhibitor development has proven challenging, crystal structure-based design will be very helpful to advance inhibitor potency and selectivity. Successful application of protein crystallography to drug discovery heavily relies on high-quality crystal structures of the protein of interest complexed with pharmaceutically interesting ligands. It is very important to be able to produce protein-ligand crystals rapidly and reproducibly for as many ligands as necessary. This study details our efforts to engineer the catalytic domain of human protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (HPTPbeta-CD) with properties suitable for rapid-turnaround crystallography. Structures of apo HPTPbeta-CD and its complexes with several novel small-molecule inhibitors are presented here for the first time.
Subject(s)
Catalytic Domain , Drug Design , Protein Engineering , Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/chemistry , Binding Sites , Crystallography, X-Ray , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Models, Molecular , Protein Structure, Secondary , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Organovanadium compounds have been shown to be insulin sensitizers in vitro and in vivo. One potential biochemical mechanism for insulin sensitization by these compounds is that they inhibit protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) that negatively regulate insulin receptor activation and signaling. In this study, bismaltolato oxovanadium (BMOV), a potent insulin sensitizer, was shown to be a reversible, competitive phosphatase inhibitor that inhibited phosphatase activity in cultured cells and enhanced insulin receptor activation in vivo. NMR and X-ray crystallographic studies of the interaction of BMOV with two different phosphatases, HCPTPA (human low molecular weight cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase) and PTP1B (protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B), demonstrated uncomplexed vanadium (VO(4)) in the active site. Taken together, these findings support phosphatase inhibition as a mechanism for insulin sensitization by BMOV and other organovanadium compounds and strongly suggest that uncomplexed vanadium is the active component of these compounds.
Subject(s)
Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry , Pyrones/chemistry , Vanadates/chemistry , Animals , Binding, Competitive , Crystallography, X-Ray , Drug Synergism , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Insulin/pharmacology , Molecular Structure , Myocardium/chemistry , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular , Protein Binding , Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1 , Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors , Proto-Oncogene Proteins , Pyrones/pharmacology , Rats , Receptor, Insulin/agonists , Vanadates/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The scope and limitations of the solid-supported synthesis of a bicyclic diketopiperazine, an internal, putative peptide beta-turn mimetic, are presented. The 4CC multicomponent Ugi reaction of alpha-N-Boc-diaminopropionic acid resin ester (an amine input), optically active alpha-bromoacid, aldehyde, and isocyanide is the key step in the proposed synthetic protocol. Application of cyclitive cleavage as the final step led to desired products in high purity.
